Vaginal hypoplasia

Vaginal hypoplasia
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Synonyms	Congenital absence of vagina
Pronounce
Field	Gynecology, medical genetics
Symptoms
Complications
Onset
Duration
Types
Causes
Risks
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment
Medication
Prognosis
Frequency
Deaths

Vaginal hypoplasia is the underdevelopment or incomplete development of the vagina. It is a birth defect or congenital abnormality of the female genitourinary system.

Signs and symptoms

Vaginal hypoplasia can vary in severity from being smaller than normal to being completely absent.

The absence of a vagina is a result of vaginal agenesis. Diagnostically, it may look similar to a vaginal obstruction such as can be caused by an imperforate hymen or, less commonly, a transverse vaginal septum.

It is frequently associated with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küstner-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome, in which the most common result is an absent uterus in conjunction with a deformed or missing vagina, despite the presence of normal ovaries and normal external genitalia. It is also associated with cervical agenesis, in which the uterus is present but the uterine cervix is absent.

The situation is most urgent where there is a menstruating uterus with an obstructed uterovaginal outflow, leading to hematometra. In this case prompt medical action is required.

Causes

The main causes are Müllerian agenesis and complete androgen insensitivity syndrome.<ref name="Callens2014">,

 An update on surgical and non-surgical treatments for vaginal hypoplasia, 
 Human Reproduction Update, 
 2014,
 Vol. 20(Issue: 5),
 pp. 775–801,
 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmu024,
 PMID: 24899229,</ref>

Treatment

In order to facilitate sexual intercourse, the main treatments are self-dilation methods (using intra-vaginal cylinders of increasing size) and surgical vaginoplasty to lengthen the vagina.<ref name="Callens2014"/>

Self-dilation has a high success rate, estimated at 75%, and is usually the first-line treatment due to low surgical invasiveness.<ref name="Callens2014"/> Overall, the complication rates are significantly lower with dilation than with vaginoplasty.<ref name="Callens2014"/>

Surgery is indicated when there is inability or reluctance to perform self-dilation, or where it is performed but with failed result. One appropriate surgical variant is the Vecchietti technique. In this procedure, an olive-shaped pressure device is pressed towards the potential vaginal space by a thread that goes through the skin, behind the urinary bladder and pubic bone and exits the skin in the hypogastrium, where it is attached to a plate that provides counter-traction.<ref name="Callens2014"/> Vaginoplasty can also be performed using a skin graft or an intestinal graft. Traction vaginoplasty such as the Vecchietti technique seems to have the highest success rates both anatomically (99%) and functionally (96%), whereas skin graft procedures and intestinal procedures have the lowest successful outcomes (83–95%).<ref name="Callens2014"/>

After vaginoplasty, available evidence suggests that continued self-dilation is needed to maintain patency in periods of coital inactivity.<ref name="Callens2014"/>

Epidemiology

Vaginal hypoplasia is estimated to occur in 1 in 4,000–5,000 live female births. It is often unnoticed until adolescence when pain and a lack of menstrual flow indicates the condition.<ref> </ref>

See also

• Cervical agenesis
• Müllerian agenesis

External links

• International Birth Defects Information System
  • Vagina, Anatomical Atlases, an Anatomical Digital Library (2018)

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