Pyelonephritis: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox medical condition | |||
| name = Pyelonephritis | |||
| image = [[File:Xanthogranulomatous_pyelonephritis_cd68.jpg|alt=Micrograph of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis]] | |||
| caption = Micrograph of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis | |||
| field = [[Nephrology]] | |||
| synonyms = Kidney infection | |||
| symptoms = [[Fever]], [[chills]], [[flank pain]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[urinary frequency]], [[dysuria]] | |||
| complications = [[Sepsis]], [[kidney abscess]], [[chronic kidney disease]] | |||
| onset = Sudden | |||
| duration = Days to weeks | |||
| causes = [[Bacterial infection]], commonly ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' | |||
| risks = [[Urinary tract infection]], [[vesicoureteral reflux]], [[urinary catheterization]], [[diabetes mellitus]] | |||
| diagnosis = [[Urinalysis]], [[urine culture]], [[imaging studies]] | |||
| differential = [[Cystitis]], [[pelvic inflammatory disease]], [[appendicitis]], [[nephrolithiasis]] | |||
| prevention = Adequate [[hydration]], [[urinary tract infection]] prevention | |||
| treatment = [[Antibiotics]], [[hospitalization]] in severe cases | |||
| medication = [[Ciprofloxacin]], [[levofloxacin]], [[trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole]] | |||
| prognosis = Good with treatment | |||
| frequency = Common | |||
| deaths = Rare with treatment | |||
}} | |||
[[Pyelonephritis]] refers to an inflammatory condition of the [[kidney]], predominantly as a result of a bacterial [[infection]]. This medical condition primarily involves the kidney's tubules, interstitium, and the renal pelvis, while it can occasionally affect the glomeruli. | [[Pyelonephritis]] refers to an inflammatory condition of the [[kidney]], predominantly as a result of a bacterial [[infection]]. This medical condition primarily involves the kidney's tubules, interstitium, and the renal pelvis, while it can occasionally affect the glomeruli. | ||
[[File:Depiction of a man suffering from a Kidney Infection.png|thumb|Depiction of a man suffering from a Kidney Infection]] | [[File:Depiction of a man suffering from a Kidney Infection.png|left|thumb|Depiction of a man suffering from a Kidney Infection]] | ||
=== Etiology and Pathophysiology === | === Etiology and Pathophysiology === | ||
The most common causative agent of pyelonephritis is the bacterium ''[[Escherichia coli]]'', although other bacteria such as ''[[Proteus mirabilis]]'', ''[[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]'', and ''[[Enterococcus faecalis]]'' can also cause the condition. The bacteria typically reach the kidneys from the lower urinary tract, mainly the [[bladder]], in a process called ascending infection. Less commonly, bacteria can reach the kidneys through the bloodstream, in a condition known as hematogenous spread. | The most common causative agent of pyelonephritis is the bacterium ''[[Escherichia coli]]'', although other bacteria such as ''[[Proteus mirabilis]]'', ''[[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]'', and ''[[Enterococcus faecalis]]'' can also cause the condition. The bacteria typically reach the kidneys from the lower urinary tract, mainly the [[bladder]], in a process called ascending infection. Less commonly, bacteria can reach the kidneys through the bloodstream, in a condition known as hematogenous spread. | ||
The bacterial invasion triggers an inflammatory response within the kidney, leading to the characteristic symptoms of pyelonephritis. | The bacterial invasion triggers an inflammatory response within the kidney, leading to the characteristic symptoms of pyelonephritis. | ||
=== Clinical Presentation === | === Clinical Presentation === | ||
Patients with pyelonephritis often present with a triad of symptoms: fever, flank pain, and dysuria. Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, frequency of urination, and cloudy or foul-smelling urine. | Patients with pyelonephritis often present with a triad of symptoms: fever, flank pain, and dysuria. Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, frequency of urination, and cloudy or foul-smelling urine. | ||
=== Diagnosis === | === Diagnosis === | ||
Diagnosis of pyelonephritis is based on a combination of history, physical examination, and laboratory studies. Urine culture is the gold standard for diagnosing the condition, providing information on the causative organism and its antibiotic sensitivity. | Diagnosis of pyelonephritis is based on a combination of history, physical examination, and laboratory studies. Urine culture is the gold standard for diagnosing the condition, providing information on the causative organism and its antibiotic sensitivity. | ||
=== Treatment === | === Treatment === | ||
Treatment for pyelonephritis primarily involves antibiotic therapy to eliminate the bacterial infection. The choice of antibiotic depends on the bacteria identified from the urine culture and their susceptibility. | Treatment for pyelonephritis primarily involves antibiotic therapy to eliminate the bacterial infection. The choice of antibiotic depends on the bacteria identified from the urine culture and their susceptibility. | ||
=== Complications and Prognosis === | === Complications and Prognosis === | ||
If left untreated, pyelonephritis can lead to serious complications, including renal scarring, sepsis, and renal failure. However, with prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment, the prognosis for pyelonephritis is generally good. | If left untreated, pyelonephritis can lead to serious complications, including renal scarring, sepsis, and renal failure. However, with prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment, the prognosis for pyelonephritis is generally good. | ||
== See Also == | == See Also == | ||
* [[Kidney disease]] | * [[Kidney disease]] | ||
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| Pyelonephritis | |
|---|---|
| |
| Synonyms | Kidney infection |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | N/A |
| Symptoms | Fever, chills, flank pain, nausea, vomiting, urinary frequency, dysuria |
| Complications | Sepsis, kidney abscess, chronic kidney disease |
| Onset | Sudden |
| Duration | Days to weeks |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Bacterial infection, commonly Escherichia coli |
| Risks | Urinary tract infection, vesicoureteral reflux, urinary catheterization, diabetes mellitus |
| Diagnosis | Urinalysis, urine culture, imaging studies |
| Differential diagnosis | Cystitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, appendicitis, nephrolithiasis |
| Prevention | Adequate hydration, urinary tract infection prevention |
| Treatment | Antibiotics, hospitalization in severe cases |
| Medication | Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole |
| Prognosis | Good with treatment |
| Frequency | Common |
| Deaths | Rare with treatment |
Pyelonephritis refers to an inflammatory condition of the kidney, predominantly as a result of a bacterial infection. This medical condition primarily involves the kidney's tubules, interstitium, and the renal pelvis, while it can occasionally affect the glomeruli.
Etiology and Pathophysiology[edit]
The most common causative agent of pyelonephritis is the bacterium Escherichia coli, although other bacteria such as Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis can also cause the condition. The bacteria typically reach the kidneys from the lower urinary tract, mainly the bladder, in a process called ascending infection. Less commonly, bacteria can reach the kidneys through the bloodstream, in a condition known as hematogenous spread. The bacterial invasion triggers an inflammatory response within the kidney, leading to the characteristic symptoms of pyelonephritis.
Clinical Presentation[edit]
Patients with pyelonephritis often present with a triad of symptoms: fever, flank pain, and dysuria. Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, frequency of urination, and cloudy or foul-smelling urine.
Diagnosis[edit]
Diagnosis of pyelonephritis is based on a combination of history, physical examination, and laboratory studies. Urine culture is the gold standard for diagnosing the condition, providing information on the causative organism and its antibiotic sensitivity.
Treatment[edit]
Treatment for pyelonephritis primarily involves antibiotic therapy to eliminate the bacterial infection. The choice of antibiotic depends on the bacteria identified from the urine culture and their susceptibility.
Complications and Prognosis[edit]
If left untreated, pyelonephritis can lead to serious complications, including renal scarring, sepsis, and renal failure. However, with prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment, the prognosis for pyelonephritis is generally good.
See Also[edit]
References[edit]
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