Trigeminal neuralgia

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Trigeminal neuralgia
Synonyms	Tic douloureux, Fothergill's disease
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Episodes of severe, sudden, shock-like pain in one side of the face
Complications	N/A
Onset	Typically after age 50
Duration	Episodic, lasting seconds to minutes
Types	N/A
Causes	Multiple sclerosis, tumor, vascular compression
Risks	Hypertension, multiple sclerosis, family history
Diagnosis	Based on symptoms, MRI
Differential diagnosis	Cluster headache, migraine, dental pain
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, surgery
Medication	Anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants
Prognosis	N/A
Frequency	12 per 100,000 people per year
Deaths	Rare

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN), also called tic douloureux, is a chronic pain condition that causes extreme, sporadic, sudden burning or shock-like face pain. The pain seldom lasts more than a few seconds or a minute or two per episode. The intensity of pain can be physically and mentally incapacitating.

Trigeminal Neuralgia

Episodic symptoms

TN pain is typically felt on one side of the jaw or cheek. Episodes can last for days, weeks, or months at a time and then disappear for months or years. In the days before an episode begins, some patients may experience a tingling or numbing sensation or a somewhat constant and aching pain.

Triggers

The attacks often worsen over time, with fewer and shorter pain-free periods before they recur. The intense flashes of pain can be triggered by vibration or contact with the cheek (such as when shaving, washing the face, or applying makeup), brushing teeth, eating, drinking, talking, or being exposed to the wind.

Age distribution

TN occurs most often in people over age 50, but it can occur at any age, and is more common in women than in men. There is some evidence that the disorder runs in families, perhaps because of an inherited pattern of blood vessel formation. Although sometimes debilitating, the disorder is not life-threatening. The presumed cause of TN is a blood vessel pressing on the trigeminal nerve in the head as it exits the brainstem. TN may be part of the normal aging process but in some cases it is the associated with another disorder, such as multiple sclerosis or other disorders characterized by damage to the myelin sheath that covers certain nerves.

Prognosis

The disorder is characterized by recurrences and remissions, and successive recurrences may incapacitate the patient. Due to the intensity of the pain, even the fear of an impending attack may prevent activity. Trigeminal neuralgia is not fatal.

Treatment

Because there are a large number of conditions that can cause facial pain, TN can be difficult to diagnose. But finding the cause of the pain is important as the treatments for different types of pain may differ. Treatment options include medicines such as anticonvulsants and tricyclic antidepressants, surgery, and complementary approaches. Typical analgesics and opioids are not usually helpful in treating the sharp, recurring pain caused by TN. If medication fails to relieve pain or produces intolerable side effects such as excess fatigue, surgical treatment may be recommended.

Neurosurgical procedures

Several neurosurgical procedures are available. Some are done on an outpatient basis, while others are more complex and require hospitalization.

Complementary approaches

Some patients choose to manage TN using complementary techniques, usually in combination with drug treatment. These techniques include acupuncture, biofeedback, vitamin therapy, nutritional therapy, and electrical stimulation of the nerves.

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