Infectious mononucleosis

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Infectious mononucleosis
Synonyms	Mono, glandular fever, kissing disease
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	Infectious disease, Hematology
Symptoms	Fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, headache, rash
Complications	Splenic rupture, hepatitis, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia
Onset	Most common in adolescents and young adults
Duration	2 to 4 weeks
Types	N/A
Causes	Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
Risks	Close contact, saliva, sharing drinks
Diagnosis	Heterophile antibody test, monospot test, EBV serology
Differential diagnosis	N/A
Prevention	Avoiding contact with infected individuals
Treatment	Rest, hydration, pain relievers
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Generally good, with full recovery
Frequency	Common
Deaths	N/A

Infectious mononucleosis, also known as mono or the kissing disease, is an illness caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a member of the herpesvirus family. It is characterized by an increase in mononuclear white blood cells, swollen lymph nodes, and a range of other symptoms. Mono typically affects teenagers and young adults but can occur at any age.

Cross Reaction Rash

Mononucleosis

Main_symptoms

Signs and symptoms

The symptoms of infectious mononucleosis may vary, but common signs include:

• Fatigue
• Fever
• Sore throat (pharyngitis)
• Swollen lymph nodes, especially in the neck
• Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly)
• Enlarged liver (hepatomegaly)
• Rash
• Headache
• Body aches

Symptoms typically develop four to six weeks after exposure to the virus and may last for several weeks or months.

Transmission

EBV is primarily transmitted through saliva, which is why mono is often called the "kissing disease." However, the virus can also be spread through respiratory droplets, blood transfusions, and organ transplants. Once infected, a person can carry the virus for life, and it may reactivate at times, potentially spreading to others.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis is based on the patient's symptoms and a physical examination. Blood tests, such as a complete blood count (CBC) and a monospot test, can help confirm the diagnosis and detect the presence of EBV antibodies.

Treatment

There is no specific treatment for infectious mononucleosis, as antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections. Treatment primarily focuses on relieving symptoms and may include:

• Rest and hydration
• Over-the-counter pain relievers and fever reducers, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen
• Throat lozenges or gargling with warm salt water for sore throat relief
• Avoiding contact sports and heavy lifting to prevent spleen rupture

Complications

Although most people recover from mono without complications, some may develop serious issues, including:

• Splenomegaly: enlargement of the spleen, which can lead to rupture in rare cases
• Hepatitis: inflammation of the liver
• Meningitis or encephalitis: inflammation of the brain or its surrounding tissues
• Guillain-Barre syndrome: a rare neurological disorder causing muscle weakness and paralysis
• Hemolytic anemia: a condition in which red blood cells are destroyed prematurely

Prevention

Prevention of infectious mononucleosis is challenging, as the virus is widespread and can be transmitted by asymptomatic carriers. Practicing good hygiene, such as regular hand washing and avoiding sharing personal items like utensils, can help reduce the risk of infection.

See also

• Epstein-Barr virus
• Herpesvirus
• Splenomegaly
• Pharyngitis

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