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[[File:A small cup of coffee.JPG|300px|thumb|A cup of coffee]]
[[File:A small cup of coffee.JPG|300px|thumb|A cup of coffee]]
'''Coffee''' is a [[plant]] ('''[[Coffea]]''') and the name of the [[drink]] that is made from this plant. The [[Coffea|coffee plant]] is a bush or tree that can grow up to ten meters (about 32 feet) high, but is usually cut shorter. Coffee plants originally grew in [[Africa]], and now also grow in [[South America]], [[Central America]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. They are an important [[crop]] for the [[economy|economies]] of many countries.
[[File:Latte and dark coffee.jpg|Latte and dark coffee|thumb|left]]
The first branded coffee to be sold commercially to the public was Nes Café in 1879
[[File:Mason's essence of coffee and chicory advert.jpg|Mason's essence of coffee and chicory advert|left|thumb]]
The drink is made from the [[seed]]s of the coffee plant, called coffee beans. Coffee is usually served hot, and is a popular drink in many countries. Coffee contains a chemical called [[caffeine]], a mild drug that keeps people awake.
[[File:Washington Coffee New York Tribune.JPG|Washington Coffee advertisement|thumb]]


To make a drink from coffee beans, the beans must first be specially prepared by drying the beans and then roasting. The beans are dried a short time after they are picked. This preserves them and makes them ready to be packed or roasted. Before the beans are made into a drink, they must be roasted or ground (crushed into tiny pieces in a coffee [[mill (grinding)|mill]]). When the ground coffee is placed into [[boiling]] water, the flavour and dark brown colour of the beans goes into the water. Making coffee is called brewing coffee. There are several different ways that coffee can be brewed.
'''Coffee''' is a [[plant]] ('''[[Coffea]]''') and a popular [[beverage]] made from its seeds. The [[Coffea|coffee plant]] is a bush or tree that can grow up to ten meters (about 32 feet) high but is usually pruned to make harvesting easier. It originally grew in [[Africa]], but now it is cultivated in [[South America]], [[Central America]], and [[Southeast Asia]].


== Coffee types ==
Coffee plays a vital role in the [[economy]] of many countries, being one of the most widely traded [[commodities]] in the world. The first branded coffee sold commercially was Nes Café in 1879.


There are two main types of coffee plants. The ''Coffea Arabica'', the most common. Most of the world's coffee is made from Arabica beans,<ref name="ICO">{{cite web|title=Botanical Aspects|publisher=International Coffee Organization|url =http://www.ico.org/botanical.asp| accessdate = 2007-07-19 }}</ref> and the ''Coffea Robusta'', which is easier to grow in places where Arabica will not grow.
The drink is made from the seeds of the coffee plant, known as coffee beans. Coffee is typically served hot but can also be enjoyed as a cold beverage. It contains [[caffeine]], a natural stimulant that enhances alertness and reduces fatigue.


Robusta is cheaper and has more caffeine than Arabica<ref name="Reynolds">{{cite web | title =Robusta's Rehab  | author=Reynolds, Richard  | publisher = Coffee Geek | url =http://www.coffeegeek.com/opinions/cafestage/02-01-2006| accessdate = 2007-07-31 }}</ref> and it is used in many commercial coffee products. But Robusta tastes [[wikt:bitter|bitter]] and [[wikt:acidic|acidic]], so people only drink it with other things. Better [[wikt:quality|quality]] Robustas are in some [[espresso]] blends.
== '''Processing Coffee''' ==
Before coffee beans are brewed into a drink, they undergo several steps:
* Harvesting – Ripe coffee cherries are picked by hand or machine.
* Processing – The beans are extracted from the fruit, dried, and sometimes fermented.
* Roasting – The dried beans are heated to develop their characteristic flavor.
* Grinding – The roasted beans are crushed into smaller particles.
* Brewing – The ground coffee is combined with hot water to extract the flavors.


In the past, people gave names to new Arabica coffees from the [[Harbour|port]] they came from. The two oldest Arabica coffees are "Mocha" and "Java". Today, names are more specific. They tell us the country, region, and sometimes even the property where they come from.
== '''Types of Coffee Plants''' ==
There are two main species of coffee plants:
* '''[[Coffea Arabica]]''' – The most widely consumed variety, making up about 60–70% of global coffee production. It has a milder flavor and less caffeine.
* '''[[Coffea Robusta]]''' – Easier to grow in harsher climates, it contains more caffeine and has a stronger, more bitter taste.


== Preparing coffee ==
Other lesser-known species include [[Coffea liberica]] and [[Coffea excelsa]].
[[File:CoffeeCatucai.jpg|thumb|Coffee fruit (beans)]]
 
== '''Coffee Production''' ==
[[File:CoffeeCatucai.jpg|thumb|Coffee fruit (cherries)]]
[[File:Unroasted coffee.jpg|thumb|right|Coffee beans before roasting]]
[[File:Unroasted coffee.jpg|thumb|right|Coffee beans before roasting]]
[[File:Roasted coffee beans.jpg|thumb|right|Coffee beans after roasting]]
[[File:Roasted coffee beans.jpg|thumb|right|Coffee beans after roasting]]
=== Aging ===
Some sorts of coffee taste better if the beans are "aged". This means that after they are picked, the beans are dried and then kept from three to eight years. This "aging" gives the coffee a less acidic taste.<ref>[http://www.ringsurf.com/online/2091-aging.html "Coffee Aging"]. ''Ring Surf''.  Retrieved [[December 11]], [[2007]].</ref> Coffee that has been aged is often mixed or "blended" with other coffee that is not aged.


=== Roasting ===
Coffee production involves several steps before it reaches consumers:
"Roasting" is one of the important stages in making coffee beans into coffee. When a coffee bean is roasted, it grows nearly two times bigger and changes from green to yellow to brown.


The length of time that the coffee beans are roasted makes the coffee taste different. Some types of coffee, such as Mocha and Java, are roasted for a short time. It is easy to tell from the flavour where the coffee is from. When coffee is roasted for a long time, it is harder to tell the different types apart. Green coffee beans can be bought and roasted at home in the oven.
=== '''Harvesting''' ===
Coffee is usually handpicked or machine-harvested when the cherries are ripe. Some coffee beans are "aged" for three to eight years to develop a unique taste.


=== Grinding ===
=== '''Processing Methods''' ===
Before the coffee is made into a drink, it is "ground" in a small grinding machine called a "coffee [[mill (grinding)|mill]]". The coffee mill breaks the beans into very small pieces. Coffee is turned into a drink in several different ways. For some ways of making coffee, such as "espresso" it is best to have the coffee ground into fine [[powder]] but for other types of coffee-making, such as "filtered coffee", the coffee is in larger pieces to stop it going through the filter. Finely ground coffee makes a stronger taste.
There are two primary methods to extract coffee beans:
* '''[[Dry processing]]''' – Coffee cherries are sun-dried before removing the outer layers.
* '''[[Wet processing]]''' – The cherries are soaked in water to separate the beans from the pulp.


=== Brewing ===
=== '''Roasting''' ===
Coffee is made into a drink by putting the coffee into boiling water. This is called "brewing" coffee.
"Roasting" transforms green coffee beans into brown coffee beans. The intensity of roasting impacts the flavor:
There are many ways to brew coffee. Four of the most popular are:
* Light Roast – Mild, retains original flavors.
* Medium Roast – Balanced acidity and body.
* Dark Roast – Strong, bold flavors with reduced acidity.


* [[Boiling]]: The coffee and the water are put into a pot on top of the stove and boiled slowly together. This way of making coffee has been used for hundreds of years. It is the way that coffee is usually made in the [[Middle East]], [[North Africa]], [[Turkey]] and [[Greece]].<ref name= "Harrison">{{cite book
=== '''Grinding''' ===
  | last =Ukers
Coffee is ground before brewing. The grind size depends on the brewing method:
  | first =William Harrison
* Coarse grind – Used for French press and cold brew.
  | title =All about Coffee
* Medium grind – Common for drip coffee makers.
  | publisher =Gale Research; 2d ed edition
* Fine grind – Used for espresso.
  | date= January 1, 1993
* Extra fine grind – Ideal for Turkish coffee.
  | pages =725
  | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5tXt7aoLNoC&pg=PA725&dq=
  | isbn = 978-0810340923}}</ref>


* [[Pressure]]: The boiling water is forced through the ground coffee by a machine. This type of coffee is called Espresso and the machine is called an "Espresso machine" or "Coffee system". Espresso machines are often found in [[cafe]]s and [[restaurant]]s. Espresso is a very strong coffee that can be used to make other coffee drinks.<ref name="faq">{{cite web
== '''Brewing Methods''' ==
  | last =Rothstein
Coffee is made by brewing ground coffee beans in hot water. Popular methods include:
  | first =Scott
  | title =Brewing Techniques
  | work =
  | publisher =
  | url =http://www.thecoffeefaq.com/3brewingtechniques.html
  | accessdate =2007-07-19}}</ref>


* [[Gravity]]: Filtered coffee is made by gravity because the boiling water falls from a machine onto the coffee. The coffee grounds are held in a paper or metal "filter" that the water can run through, but the little coffee pieces cannot. The water becomes coloured and flavoured as it runs through the coffee and into a coffee pot.<ref name= "Levy">{{cite book
* '''[[Boiling]]''' – Traditional method used in [[Turkish coffee]] and [[Greek coffee]].
  | last =Levy
* '''[[Pressure brewing]]''' – Used in [[espresso]] machines.
  | first =Joel
* '''[[Gravity brewing]]''' – Common in drip coffee makers.
  | title =Really Useful: The Origins of Everyday Things
* '''[[Steeping]]''' – Used in French press and coffee bags.
  | publisher =Firefly Books
  | date= November 2002
  | pages =1948
  | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=fyBb_Xh5hqIC&pg=PA1948&dq=Coffee+%2B+percolator+%2B+filter&sig=ItgZl7dugXO0nOCRit70b4-06RQ
  | isbn = 978-1552976227}}</ref>


* [[Steeping]]: Boiling water is poured onto the coffee and it is allowed to stand for a little while, until the water has taken the colour and flavour. This is often done in a [[French press|cafetière]], which is a tall glass or coffee pot which has a special filter inside that can be pushed down when the coffee is ready so that the person does not drink the coffee grounds. Another way of steeping coffee is to have coffee grounds in a small packet, the right size to make one cup of coffee. The packet is placed in the cup and water poured over it. Then the packet is removed.<ref>{{cite book
== '''Coffee Beverages''' ==
  | last =Davids
[[File:Türk Kahvesi - Bakir Cezve.jpg|thumbnail|Thick [[Turkish coffee]], made in a special copper pot]]
  | first =Kenneth
[[File:CodazziKandaMorning1.jpg|thumb|Coffee can be enjoyed with food]]
  | title =Coffee: A Guide to Buying, Brewing, and Enjoying
[[File:Latte art.jpg|thumb|"Flat white" coffee is often decorated.]]
  | publisher =101 Productions
  | date= 1991
  | pages =128
  | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=IqJsIcYOPcQC&pg=PA128&dq=Coffee+%2B+french+press&sig=HA4Swu6PH_9_geJWAN8_jK8iHLQ#PPA128,M1
  | isbn = 978-1564265005 }}</ref>


== How people drink their coffee ==
Different coffee beverages are made using various brewing methods and ingredients:
[[File:Türk Kahvesi - Bakir Cezve.jpg|thumbnail|Thick Turkish coffee, made in a special copper pot]]
[[File:CodazziKandaMorning1.jpg|thumb|Coffee can be drunk with food]]
[[File:Latte art.jpg|thumb|"Flat white" coffee is often decorated.]]
* ''Black coffee'' is coffee with no [[milk]] in it.
* ''White coffee'' is coffee with milk in it.
* ''Café au lait'' is coffee made with a lot of hot milk. It is often sweet.
* ''Espresso'' is very strong coffee. In Australia, it is often called a "short black".
* ''Cappuccino'' is espresso with frothed milk (milk mixed with air). A well-made cappuccino should be made of strong coffee. When the frothy milk is poured gently into the coffee cup, it should be white on top and have a ring of darker coffee around the edge. Cappuccino coffee sometimes has [[cocoa]] sprinkled on top.
* ''[[Latte]]'' is made like a cappuccino but with added milk and a very thin layer of foam.
* "Flat white" is a double espresso where milk micro foam is added to the crema (an emulsion of the oils in the coffee beans when combined with hot water that floats) on the double espresso.
* ''Americano'' is espresso with a lot of hot water.
* ''Irish coffee'' is coffee with whiskey and with cream on the top.
* ''Iced coffee'' is espresso in a tall glass with crushed ice, cold milk and [[ice cream]].
* ''Vietnamese style coffee (Cafe Sua Da)'' is filtered coffee poured over ice into a glass with sweet [[condensed milk]] (thick milk which has had the water removed).
*[[:en:Frappé_coffee|Frappé]] has multiple meanings. It’s a mix of instant coffee, milk, sugar, and foam. Another from of the drink is blended frozen coffee. And the last is a milkshake, thick milkshake.


== Instant coffee ==
* '''[[Black coffee]]''' – Coffee without milk or sugar.
"Instant coffee" is a very quick way to make a cup of coffee to drink. It is made in a factory and sold in jars or packets. First, strong coffee is made using ground coffee and boiling water. Then, the coffee grounds are filtered out. The coffee liquid is dried out until nothing is left except granules (little crunchy pieces), or fine powder. This is then put into jars or packets. As soon as a spoonful of "instant coffee" is added to boiling water, it [[solvation|dissolves]] in the water to make coffee to drink. The taste can be very different from fresh coffee. Part of the reason for the different taste is that ''Robusta'' coffee beans are usually used for making instant coffee. Robusta coffee beans do not cost as much as ''Arabica''.
* '''[[White coffee]]''' – Coffee with added milk or cream.
* '''[[Espresso]]''' – Strong, concentrated coffee served in small amounts.
* '''[[Americano]]''' – Espresso diluted with hot water.
* '''[[Cappuccino]]''' – Espresso with frothed milk, often topped with cocoa powder.
* '''[[Latte]]''' – Espresso with more steamed milk and a thin layer of foam.
* '''[[Flat white]]''' – A stronger version of latte with a smoother texture.
* '''[[Irish coffee]]''' – Coffee mixed with whiskey and cream.
* '''[[Iced coffee]]''' – Cold coffee served over ice, milk, or ice cream.
* '''[[Vietnamese coffee]]''' – Strong coffee brewed using a phin filter, usually served with sweetened condensed milk.
* '''[[Frappé coffee]]''' – A blended or iced version of coffee, popular in Greece.


== When people drink coffee ==
== '''Instant Coffee''' ==
[[File:Aix- café des deux garçons.jpg|thumb|A coffee shop in France]]
[[Instant coffee]] is a quick and convenient way to make coffee. It is produced by:
The United States buys the most coffee; [[Germany]] is next. People in [[Finland]] drink the most coffee for each person. In [[Canada]], the United States and [[Europe]], some restaurants sell mainly coffee; they are referred to as "[[café]]s" or "coffeehouses". Cafés often sell food, but the type of food is different from one country to another.
1. Brewing strong coffee.
2. Drying it into granules or powder.
3. Packaging for easy dissolving in hot water.


In some countries, for example, those in northern Europe, people like having coffee parties. At these parties, people have coffee and cake.
While instant coffee is convenient, it often has a different taste compared to freshly brewed coffee.


In many countries, people drink coffee at work; in the United States and [[England]], for example, people drink it in the morning. In other countries, such as [[Mexico]], people drink it in the evening to help them stay awake.
== '''Coffee Culture Around the World''' ==
[[File:Aix- café des deux garçons.jpg|thumb|A coffee shop in [[France]]]]


== Health problems ==
Coffee is an integral part of many cultures:
Coffee contains the [[drug]] [[caffeine]]. Caffeine is a mild [[stimulant]] which helps to keep people awake.  Caffeine, like many drugs, can be [[addiction|addictive]] and can cause health problems.<ref name="BJoA">{{cite journal | last = James | first = JE | coauthors = KP Stirling | title = Caffeine: A summary of some of the known and suspected deleterious effects of habitual use | journal = British Journal of Addiction | volume = 78 | issue = 3 | pages = 251-8 |date=September 1983 | id = PMID 6354232 }}</ref>
* In [[Italy]], coffee is served as espresso.
* In [[France]], people enjoy café au lait.
* In [[Ethiopia]], coffee ceremonies involve roasting, grinding, and brewing in a social setting.
* In [[Turkey]], coffee is served thick and strong, often with fortune-telling using coffee grounds.
* In [[Scandinavia]], people drink the most coffee per capita.


Some studies have looked at the health risks of coffee. In February 2003, there was a study in [[Denmark]] of 18,478 women to find out if coffee had an effect on [[pregnancy]] and birth. It was found that if a woman drank between four and seven cups of coffee a day, it did not seem to make a big change to the number of babies that were born dead, ([[stillbirth|stillborn]]). But the women in the study who drank eight or more cups of coffee a day had three times as much chance of having a stillborn baby.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/02/21/ncoff21.xml|title=Big coffee drinkers 'double risk of stillbirth', Daily Telegraph|date=21 February 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/326/7386/420|title=Maternal consumption of coffee during pregnancy and stillbirth and infant death in first year of life: prospective study, British Medical Journal|date=22 February 2003}}</ref>
== '''Health Effects of Coffee''' ==
Coffee contains [[caffeine]], a natural stimulant that affects the central nervous system.


For this, and other reasons, some people drink [[coffee substitute]]s instead or decaffeinated coffee .
=== '''Potential Health Benefits''' ===
* Boosts energy levels – Enhances alertness and focus.
* Rich in antioxidants – May reduce the risk of certain diseases.
* May lower risk of some diseases – Studies suggest coffee reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, and liver disease.
* Improves metabolism – Aids in fat burning and physical performance.


The [[BMJ]] quotes a study that concluded  that there are health benefits for drinking up to four coffee cups per day. However, drinking coffee is not recommended for pregnant women and for  women who are in danger of fractured bones. According to the BMJ not everyone agrees with these findings<ref>https://www.bmj.com/company/newsroom/moderate-coffee-drinking-more-likely-to-benefit-health-than-to-harm-it-say-experts/</ref>
=== '''Potential Health Risks''' ===
* Caffeine dependence – Regular consumption may lead to withdrawal symptoms.
* Insomnia and anxiety – High doses of caffeine can disturb sleep patterns.
* Increased heart rate – May cause palpitations in some individuals.
* Effects on pregnancy – Excessive caffeine intake may pose risks to pregnant women.


== References ==
== '''Environmental Impact of Coffee Production''' ==
{{reflist|2}}
Coffee farming affects the environment in several ways:
* Deforestation – Large-scale plantations contribute to forest loss.
* Water usage – Coffee processing requires large amounts of water.
* Fair trade coffee – Ethical certifications ensure better wages for farmers and sustainable farming practices.


== Other websites ==
== '''See Also''' ==
* '''[[Tea]]'''
* '''[[Caffeine]]'''
* '''[[Espresso]]'''
* '''[[Barista]]'''
* '''[[Coffee shop]]'''
 
== '''External Links''' ==
{{sisterlinks}}
{{sisterlinks}}
* [http://www.caffeinewithdrawalsymptoms.org/ Caffeine Withdrawal] and [http://www.caffeinewithdrawalsymptoms.org/caffeine-content-chart/ Caffeine Content Chart] - Help with caffeine addiction
* [https://www.coffeeresearch.org/ Coffee Research Institute]
* [http://www.coffeehabitat.com Coffee & Conservation] and [http://www.missiongrounds.com Gourmet Coffee Facts] - Resources on organic coffee
* [https://www.coffeehabitat.com/ Coffee & Conservation]
* [http://www.turkishcoffeeworld.org/ Turkish coffee]
* [http://www.kaverafel.hu Kávéra Fel!]
 
[[Category:Coffee| ]]


[[Category:Crops ]]
{{Coffee}}
[[Category:Herbal and fungal stimulants ]]
[[Category:Coffee]]
[[Category:Crops]]
[[Category:Hot drinks]]
[[Category:Hot drinks]]
[[Category:Turkish words and phrases ]]
[[Category:Non-alcoholic drinks]]
[[Category: Non-alcoholic drinks]]
<gallery>
File:Latte and dark coffee.jpg|Latte and dark coffee
File:Mason's essence of coffee and chicory advert.jpg|Mason's essence of coffee and chicory advert
File:Washington Coffee New York Tribune.JPG|Washington Coffee New York Tribune
</gallery>

Latest revision as of 17:28, 19 March 2025

A cup of coffee
Latte and dark coffee
Mason's essence of coffee and chicory advert
Washington Coffee advertisement

Coffee is a plant (Coffea) and a popular beverage made from its seeds. The coffee plant is a bush or tree that can grow up to ten meters (about 32 feet) high but is usually pruned to make harvesting easier. It originally grew in Africa, but now it is cultivated in South America, Central America, and Southeast Asia.

Coffee plays a vital role in the economy of many countries, being one of the most widely traded commodities in the world. The first branded coffee sold commercially was Nes Café in 1879.

The drink is made from the seeds of the coffee plant, known as coffee beans. Coffee is typically served hot but can also be enjoyed as a cold beverage. It contains caffeine, a natural stimulant that enhances alertness and reduces fatigue.

Processing Coffee[edit]

Before coffee beans are brewed into a drink, they undergo several steps:

  • Harvesting – Ripe coffee cherries are picked by hand or machine.
  • Processing – The beans are extracted from the fruit, dried, and sometimes fermented.
  • Roasting – The dried beans are heated to develop their characteristic flavor.
  • Grinding – The roasted beans are crushed into smaller particles.
  • Brewing – The ground coffee is combined with hot water to extract the flavors.

Types of Coffee Plants[edit]

There are two main species of coffee plants:

  • Coffea Arabica – The most widely consumed variety, making up about 60–70% of global coffee production. It has a milder flavor and less caffeine.
  • Coffea Robusta – Easier to grow in harsher climates, it contains more caffeine and has a stronger, more bitter taste.

Other lesser-known species include Coffea liberica and Coffea excelsa.

Coffee Production[edit]

Coffee fruit (cherries)
Coffee beans before roasting
Coffee beans after roasting

Coffee production involves several steps before it reaches consumers:

Harvesting[edit]

Coffee is usually handpicked or machine-harvested when the cherries are ripe. Some coffee beans are "aged" for three to eight years to develop a unique taste.

Processing Methods[edit]

There are two primary methods to extract coffee beans:

  • Dry processing – Coffee cherries are sun-dried before removing the outer layers.
  • Wet processing – The cherries are soaked in water to separate the beans from the pulp.

Roasting[edit]

"Roasting" transforms green coffee beans into brown coffee beans. The intensity of roasting impacts the flavor:

  • Light Roast – Mild, retains original flavors.
  • Medium Roast – Balanced acidity and body.
  • Dark Roast – Strong, bold flavors with reduced acidity.

Grinding[edit]

Coffee is ground before brewing. The grind size depends on the brewing method:

  • Coarse grind – Used for French press and cold brew.
  • Medium grind – Common for drip coffee makers.
  • Fine grind – Used for espresso.
  • Extra fine grind – Ideal for Turkish coffee.

Brewing Methods[edit]

Coffee is made by brewing ground coffee beans in hot water. Popular methods include:

Coffee Beverages[edit]

Thick Turkish coffee, made in a special copper pot
Coffee can be enjoyed with food
"Flat white" coffee is often decorated.

Different coffee beverages are made using various brewing methods and ingredients:

  • Black coffee – Coffee without milk or sugar.
  • White coffee – Coffee with added milk or cream.
  • Espresso – Strong, concentrated coffee served in small amounts.
  • Americano – Espresso diluted with hot water.
  • Cappuccino – Espresso with frothed milk, often topped with cocoa powder.
  • Latte – Espresso with more steamed milk and a thin layer of foam.
  • Flat white – A stronger version of latte with a smoother texture.
  • Irish coffee – Coffee mixed with whiskey and cream.
  • Iced coffee – Cold coffee served over ice, milk, or ice cream.
  • Vietnamese coffee – Strong coffee brewed using a phin filter, usually served with sweetened condensed milk.
  • Frappé coffee – A blended or iced version of coffee, popular in Greece.

Instant Coffee[edit]

Instant coffee is a quick and convenient way to make coffee. It is produced by: 1. Brewing strong coffee. 2. Drying it into granules or powder. 3. Packaging for easy dissolving in hot water.

While instant coffee is convenient, it often has a different taste compared to freshly brewed coffee.

Coffee Culture Around the World[edit]

A coffee shop in France

Coffee is an integral part of many cultures:

  • In Italy, coffee is served as espresso.
  • In France, people enjoy café au lait.
  • In Ethiopia, coffee ceremonies involve roasting, grinding, and brewing in a social setting.
  • In Turkey, coffee is served thick and strong, often with fortune-telling using coffee grounds.
  • In Scandinavia, people drink the most coffee per capita.

Health Effects of Coffee[edit]

Coffee contains caffeine, a natural stimulant that affects the central nervous system.

Potential Health Benefits[edit]

  • Boosts energy levels – Enhances alertness and focus.
  • Rich in antioxidants – May reduce the risk of certain diseases.
  • May lower risk of some diseases – Studies suggest coffee reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, and liver disease.
  • Improves metabolism – Aids in fat burning and physical performance.

Potential Health Risks[edit]

  • Caffeine dependence – Regular consumption may lead to withdrawal symptoms.
  • Insomnia and anxiety – High doses of caffeine can disturb sleep patterns.
  • Increased heart rate – May cause palpitations in some individuals.
  • Effects on pregnancy – Excessive caffeine intake may pose risks to pregnant women.

Environmental Impact of Coffee Production[edit]

Coffee farming affects the environment in several ways:

  • Deforestation – Large-scale plantations contribute to forest loss.
  • Water usage – Coffee processing requires large amounts of water.
  • Fair trade coffee – Ethical certifications ensure better wages for farmers and sustainable farming practices.

See Also[edit]

External Links[edit]


Coffee
Topics
Production
Species and
varieties
Components
Preparation
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