Nephritic syndrome

Nephritic syndrome is a group of symptoms that occur in conjunction with glomerular disease, specifically inflammation of the glomerulus (glomerulonephritis). It is characterized by hematuria (blood in the urine), hypertension (high blood pressure), and oliguria (reduced urine output).

Etiology

Nephritic syndrome can be caused by a variety of conditions, most commonly post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy, and lupus nephritis. Other causes include Goodpasture's syndrome, vasculitis, and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.

Pathophysiology

The underlying mechanism of nephritic syndrome involves inflammation and damage to the glomeruli, the tiny filtering units of the kidney. This damage allows red blood cells to leak into the urine, causing hematuria. The reduced filtering capacity of the kidneys can also lead to fluid retention and hypertension.

Clinical features

Patients with nephritic syndrome typically present with hematuria, which can give the urine a dark or smoky appearance. They may also have hypertension and oliguria. In severe cases, patients may develop edema (swelling), particularly in the face and lower extremities, due to fluid retention.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of nephritic syndrome is based on the presence of characteristic symptoms, along with laboratory tests such as urinalysis, blood tests, and in some cases, a kidney biopsy.

Treatment

Treatment of nephritic syndrome is aimed at addressing the underlying cause and managing symptoms. This may involve antibiotics for post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, immunosuppressive drugs for conditions like lupus nephritis, and antihypertensive drugs to control high blood pressure.

Prognosis

The prognosis of nephritic syndrome varies widely depending on the underlying cause and the patient's overall health. Some patients may recover completely, while others may progress to chronic kidney disease or end-stage renal disease.

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