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'''Anaplastic astrocytoma''' is a rare [[ | == Anaplastic Astrocytoma == | ||
'''Anaplastic astrocytoma''' is a rare [[WHO]] grade III type of [[astrocytoma]], which is a type of [[brain tumor]]. In the [[United States]], the annual incidence rate for anaplastic astrocytoma is 0.44 per 100,000 people. | |||
==Signs and | == Signs and Symptoms == | ||
Initial presenting symptoms most commonly | Initial presenting symptoms most commonly include [[headache]], depressed [[mental status]], focal [[neurological deficit]]s, and/or [[seizure]]s. The growth rate and mean interval between onset of symptoms and diagnosis is approximately 1.5–2 years but is highly variable, being intermediate between that of [[low-grade astrocytoma]]s and [[glioblastoma]]s. Seizures are less common among patients with anaplastic astrocytomas compared to low-grade lesions. | ||
==Causes== | == Causes == | ||
Most high-grade | Most high-grade [[glioma]]s occur sporadically or without identifiable cause. However, a small proportion (less than 5%) of individuals with [[malignant astrocytoma]] have a definite or suspected hereditary predisposition. The main hereditary predispositions include [[neurofibromatosis type I]], [[Li-Fraumeni syndrome]], [[hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer]], and [[tuberous sclerosis]]. Anaplastic astrocytomas have also been associated with previous exposure to [[vinyl chloride]] and high doses of [[radiation therapy]] to the [[brain]]. | ||
==Pathology== | == Pathology == | ||
Anaplastic astrocytomas | Anaplastic astrocytomas are classified as high-grade gliomas ([[WHO]] grade III-IV), which are pathologically undifferentiated gliomas that carry a poor clinical prognosis. Unlike [[glioblastoma]]s ([[WHO]] grade IV), anaplastic astrocytomas lack [[vascular proliferation]] and [[necrosis]] on pathological evaluation. Compared to grade II tumors, anaplastic astrocytomas are more cellular, exhibit more atypia, and display increased mitotic activity. | ||
==Treatment== | == Treatment == | ||
The standard initial treatment | The standard initial treatment involves [[surgical resection]] to remove as much of the tumor as possible without worsening neurological deficits. [[Radiation therapy]] has been shown to prolong survival and is a standard component of treatment. There is no proven benefit to adjuvant [[chemotherapy]] or supplementing other treatments for this type of tumor. Although [[temozolomide]] is effective for treating recurrent anaplastic astrocytoma, its role as an adjuvant to radiation therapy has not been fully tested. | ||
Quality of life after treatment depends heavily on the area of the brain | Quality of life after treatment depends heavily on the affected area of the brain. In many cases, patients with anaplastic astrocytoma may experience various types of [[paralysis]], [[speech disorder]]s, difficulties in [[executive function]], and altered [[sensory perception]]. Most cases of paralysis and speech difficulties can be rehabilitated with [[speech therapy]], [[occupational therapy]], [[physical therapy]], and [[vision therapy]]. | ||
==Prognosis== | == Prognosis == | ||
The age-standardized 5-year relative survival rate is 23.6%. | The age-standardized 5-year relative survival rate for anaplastic astrocytoma is 23.6%. Patients with this tumor are significantly more likely to succumb to the disease compared to matched members of the general population. Prognosis varies across age groups, particularly during the first three years post-diagnosis. Older adults are at a significantly higher risk of mortality within the first year post-diagnosis compared to young adults (aged 15 to 40), but after three years, this difference is markedly reduced. | ||
Typical median survival for anaplastic astrocytoma is 2–3 years. Secondary progression to [[glioblastoma multiforme]] is common. Factors associated with improved survival in anaplastic astrocytoma patients include [[radiation therapy]], younger age, female sex, treatment after the year 2000, and [[surgery]]. | |||
{{Nervous tissue tumors}} | {{Nervous tissue tumors}} | ||
[[Category:Brain tumor]] | [[Category:Brain tumor]] | ||
== Anaplastic astrocytoma == | |||
<gallery> | |||
File:Anaplastic_astrocytoma_-_very_high_mag_-_cropped.jpg | |||
</gallery> | |||
Latest revision as of 00:57, 17 February 2025
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Rare genetic disorder affecting albumin production
Anaplastic Astrocytoma[edit]
Anaplastic astrocytoma is a rare WHO grade III type of astrocytoma, which is a type of brain tumor. In the United States, the annual incidence rate for anaplastic astrocytoma is 0.44 per 100,000 people.
Signs and Symptoms[edit]
Initial presenting symptoms most commonly include headache, depressed mental status, focal neurological deficits, and/or seizures. The growth rate and mean interval between onset of symptoms and diagnosis is approximately 1.5–2 years but is highly variable, being intermediate between that of low-grade astrocytomas and glioblastomas. Seizures are less common among patients with anaplastic astrocytomas compared to low-grade lesions.
Causes[edit]
Most high-grade gliomas occur sporadically or without identifiable cause. However, a small proportion (less than 5%) of individuals with malignant astrocytoma have a definite or suspected hereditary predisposition. The main hereditary predispositions include neurofibromatosis type I, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, and tuberous sclerosis. Anaplastic astrocytomas have also been associated with previous exposure to vinyl chloride and high doses of radiation therapy to the brain.
Pathology[edit]
Anaplastic astrocytomas are classified as high-grade gliomas (WHO grade III-IV), which are pathologically undifferentiated gliomas that carry a poor clinical prognosis. Unlike glioblastomas (WHO grade IV), anaplastic astrocytomas lack vascular proliferation and necrosis on pathological evaluation. Compared to grade II tumors, anaplastic astrocytomas are more cellular, exhibit more atypia, and display increased mitotic activity.
Treatment[edit]
The standard initial treatment involves surgical resection to remove as much of the tumor as possible without worsening neurological deficits. Radiation therapy has been shown to prolong survival and is a standard component of treatment. There is no proven benefit to adjuvant chemotherapy or supplementing other treatments for this type of tumor. Although temozolomide is effective for treating recurrent anaplastic astrocytoma, its role as an adjuvant to radiation therapy has not been fully tested.
Quality of life after treatment depends heavily on the affected area of the brain. In many cases, patients with anaplastic astrocytoma may experience various types of paralysis, speech disorders, difficulties in executive function, and altered sensory perception. Most cases of paralysis and speech difficulties can be rehabilitated with speech therapy, occupational therapy, physical therapy, and vision therapy.
Prognosis[edit]
The age-standardized 5-year relative survival rate for anaplastic astrocytoma is 23.6%. Patients with this tumor are significantly more likely to succumb to the disease compared to matched members of the general population. Prognosis varies across age groups, particularly during the first three years post-diagnosis. Older adults are at a significantly higher risk of mortality within the first year post-diagnosis compared to young adults (aged 15 to 40), but after three years, this difference is markedly reduced.
Typical median survival for anaplastic astrocytoma is 2–3 years. Secondary progression to glioblastoma multiforme is common. Factors associated with improved survival in anaplastic astrocytoma patients include radiation therapy, younger age, female sex, treatment after the year 2000, and surgery.
| Tumours of the nervous system | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Note: Not all brain tumors are of nervous tissue, and not all nervous tissue tumors are in the brain (see brain metastasis).
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