Steroid hormones
Steroid Hormones
Steroid hormones (pronunciation: /ˈstɛrɔɪd ˈhɔːrmoʊnz/) are a class of hormones that are synthesized from cholesterol. They are fat-soluble molecules that can pass through the cell membrane and bind to steroid hormone receptors inside the cell.
Etymology
The term "steroid" is derived from "sterol", a compound found in many types of tissues, and "oid", meaning "resembling" or "like". The term "hormone" comes from the Greek word "hormon", meaning "to set in motion".
Types of Steroid Hormones
There are five major classes of steroid hormones:
- Glucocorticoids: These hormones, such as cortisol, are involved in glucose metabolism and immune response.
- Mineralocorticoids: These hormones, such as aldosterone, regulate electrolyte and water balance.
- Androgens: These hormones, including testosterone, are involved in male sexual development and function.
- Estrogens: These hormones, including estradiol, are involved in female sexual development and function.
- Progestogens: These hormones, such as progesterone, are involved in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
Synthesis and Secretion
Steroid hormones are synthesized in the adrenal glands, gonads, and placenta. The process of steroid hormone synthesis involves several steps, including the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone via the enzyme P450scc, and the subsequent conversion of pregnenolone to various steroid hormones via different enzymes.
Function
Steroid hormones function by binding to specific receptor proteins inside the cell. This hormone-receptor complex then moves into the cell nucleus, where it binds to specific DNA sequences and regulates gene expression. This can result in changes in cell function and behavior.
Related Terms
- Endocrine system: The system of glands that produce and secrete hormones.
- Hormone receptor: A protein that binds to a specific hormone and mediates its effects.
- Lipid: A type of molecule that includes fats, waxes, and steroids.
- Metabolism: The set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms to maintain life.
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on Steroid hormones
- Wikipedia's article - Steroid hormones
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