Enterovirus 68

Enterovirus 68 (EV-D68) is a member of the Enterovirus genus, which is part of the Picornaviridae family. It is a non-polio enterovirus that can cause mild to severe respiratory illness. EV-D68 was first identified in California in 1962 and has since been associated with various outbreaks worldwide.

Virology

EV-D68 is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus. It shares many characteristics with other enteroviruses but is unique in its preference for the respiratory tract. The virus is primarily transmitted through respiratory secretions, such as saliva, nasal mucus, or sputum.

Symptoms

The symptoms of EV-D68 infection can range from mild to severe and include:

• Fever
• Runny nose
• Sneezing
• Coughing
• Body aches
• Wheezing
• Difficulty breathing

In severe cases, EV-D68 can lead to acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), a rare but serious condition that affects the spinal cord and can cause muscle weakness and paralysis.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of EV-D68 infection is typically made through laboratory testing of respiratory specimens. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is commonly used to detect the presence of the virus's RNA.

Treatment

There is no specific antiviral treatment for EV-D68. Management of the infection primarily involves supportive care, such as:

• Hydration
• Oxygen therapy
• Mechanical ventilation in severe cases

Prevention

Preventive measures to reduce the risk of EV-D68 infection include:

• Frequent handwashing with soap and water
• Avoiding close contact with infected individuals
• Disinfecting frequently touched surfaces
• Covering coughs and sneezes with a tissue or elbow

Epidemiology

EV-D68 has been associated with several outbreaks, particularly in the United States. Notable outbreaks occurred in 2014 and 2018, leading to increased awareness and surveillance of the virus.

See also

• Enterovirus
• Picornaviridae
• Acute flaccid myelitis
• Respiratory illness