Housing

Housing, or more generally living spaces,<ref>Ranasinghe, WC and Hemakumara, GPTS(2018), Spatial modelling of the householders' perception and assessment of the potentiality to improve the urban green coverage in residential areas: A case study from Issadeen Town Matara, Sri Lanka, Ruhuna Journal of Science, Vol 9(1); http://rjs.ruh.ac.lk/index.php/rjs/article/view/174</ref> refers to the construction and assigned usage of houses or buildings collectively, for the purpose of sheltering people — the planning or provision delivered by an authority, with related meanings.<ref>  (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

</ref> The social issue is of ensuring that members of society have a home in which to live, whether this is a house, or some other kind of dwelling, lodging, or shelter.<ref>Gwendolyn Wright, Building the Dream: A Social History of Housing in America (MIT press, 1983)</ref> Many governments have one or more housing authorities, sometimes also called a housing ministry, or housing department.

Macroeconomy and housing price

Previous research shows that housing price is affected by the macroeconomy. Li et al (2018)'s research showed that 1% increase in the Consumer Price Index leads to a $3,559,715 increase in housing prices and raises the property price per square feet by $119.3387. Money Supply (M2) has a positive relationship with housing prices. As M2 increases by one unit, housing prices will rise by 0.0618 in a study conducted in Hong Kong. When there is a 1% increase in the best lending rate, housing prices drop by between $18,237.26 and $28,681.17 in the HAC model. Mortgage repayments lead to a rise in the discount window base rate. A 1% rise in the rate leads to a $14,314.69 drop in housing prices, and an average selling price drop of $585,335.50. As the US real interest rate increases, the interest rates in Hong Kong must follow, increasing the mortgage repayments. When there is a 1% increase in the US real interest rate, the property prices decreased from $9302.845 to $4957.274, and saleable area drops by $4.955206 and $14.01284. When there is a 1% rise in overnight Hong Kong Interbank Offered Rate, the housing prices drop to about 3455.529, and the price per ft2 will drop by $187.3119 <ref>,

 Have Housing Prices Gone with the Smelly Wind? Big Data Analysis on Landfill in Hong Kong, 
 Sustainability, 
 
 Vol. 10(Issue: 2),
 
 
 
 
 
 Full text,</ref>.

Informal housing

File:Soweto township.jpg

Informal housing settlement in Soweto, South Africa

The term informal housing can include any form of shelter or settlement (or lack thereof) which is illegal, falls outside of government control or regulation, or is not afforded protection by the state.<ref name=":0" /> As such, the informal housing industry is part of the informal sector.<ref name="rru.worldbank.org">

The Informal Economy: Fact Finding Study(link). {{{website}}}. Department for Infrastructure and Economic Cooperation.

</ref> To have informal housing status is to exist in ‘a state of deregulation, one where the ownership, use, and purpose of land cannot be fixed and mapped according to any prescribed set of regulations or the law.’<ref name=":0">Roy, Ananya,

 Why India Cannot Plan Its Cities, 
 Planning Theory, 
 2009,
 Vol. 8(Issue: 1),
 pp. 80,</ref> While there is no global unified law of property ownership<ref>Edesio, 
  
 Illegal Cities: Law and Urban Change in Developing Countries, 
  
 London:Zed Books, 
 1998, 
  
  
  
  
  
  
 Pages: 4,</ref> typically, the informal occupant or community will lack security of tenure and, with this, ready or reliable access to civic amenities (potable water, electricity and gas supply, sanitation and waste collection). Due to the informal nature of occupancy, the state will typically be unable to extract rent or land taxes.

The term informal housing is useful in capturing informal populations other than those living slum settlements or shanty towns, which are defined more narrowly by the UN Habitat as "contiguous settlement where the inhabitants are characterizes as having inadequate housing and basic services...often not recognised or addressed by the public authorities an integral or equal part of the city."<ref>{{{last}}},

 Cities Alliance: Cities without Slums, 
  
 Expert Group Meeting on Urban Indicators, Secure Tenure, Slums and Global Sample of Cities, Monday 28 to Wednesday 30 October 2002. online version, 
  
 Nairobi, Kenya:United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), 
 2002,</ref>

Common categories or terms for informal housing include slums, slum settlements, shanty towns, squats, homelessness and pavement dwellers.

Informal housing in developing countries

Homelessness and insecurity of tenure are issues faced by populations around the world. However, there are particularly pernicious circumstances in developing countries that lead to a large proportion of the population resorting to informal housing. According to Saskia Sassen, in the race to become a ‘global city’ with the requisite state-of-the-art economic and regulatory platforms for handling the operations of international firms and markets,’ radical physical interventions in the fabric of the city are often called for, displacing ‘modest, low-profit firms and households’.<ref>Saskia,

 "The Global City – Strategic Site/New Frontier" in Dharavi: Documenting Informalities, 
  
 Delhi:Academic Foundation, 
 2009, 
  
  
  
  
  
  
 Pages: 20,</ref>

If these households lack the economic resilience to repurchase in the same area or relocate to a place that offers similar economic opportunity, they are prime candidates for informal housing. For example, in Mumbai, India, this fast-paced economic growth, coupled with inadequate infrastructure, endemic corruption and the legacy of the restrictive tenancy laws<ref> ,

 Pro-tenant laws in India often inhibit rental market Full text, 
 , 
  
 20 June 2006,

</ref> have left the city unable to house the estimated 54% who now live informally.<ref>,

 Slums in India: A Statistical Compendium, 
  
 Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (Government of India), 
 2011,</ref>

Many cities in the developing world are experiencing a rapid increase in informal housing, driven by mass migration to cities in search of employment or fleeing from war or environmental disaster. According to Robert Neuwirth, there are over 1 billion (one in seven) squatters worldwide. If current trends continue, this will increase to 2 billion by 2030 (one in four), and 3 billion by 2050 (one in three).<ref> Neuwirth, Robert. Our Shadow Cities(link). {{{website}}}. TEDTalks.

</ref> Informal housing, and the often informal livelihoods that accompany them, are set to be defining features of the cities of the future.<ref>Laquian, Aprodicio A. Basic housing: policies for urban sites, services, and shelter in developing countries (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 1983).</ref>

See also

• Affordable housing
• Category:Housing ministries
• Housing association; there are many articles on specific named housing associations
• Housing estate
• Housing in the United Kingdom
• Housing in Japan
• Informal sector
• List of housing statutes
• List of human habitation forms
• Right to housing
• Subsidized housing
• US Federal Housing Administration

External links

File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg The dictionary definition of housing at Wiktionary