Mauritania

File:Mauritania flag (2015-present).webp

Mauritania flag (2015-present).webp

Rock Art Mauritania.jpg

Fort of Arguin 1721

Johannes Vingboons - Aldus verthoon hem 't casteel Argijn uyt der zee (1665)

Central mosque in Nouakchott.jpg

Mauritania (Arabic: موريتانيا‎, Mūrītānyā), officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country in Northwest Africa. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Western Sahara to the north and northwest, Algeria to the northeast, Mali to the east and southeast, and Senegal to the southwest. Mauritania is the eleventh largest country in Africa and has a population of approximately 4.5 million people. The capital and largest city is Nouakchott, located on the Atlantic coast.

History

The area that is now Mauritania has been inhabited since the Neolithic period. The ancient Berber kingdoms of Mauretania and Numidia were established in the region. In the 8th century, the area became part of the Islamic world through the spread of Islam by the Umayyad Caliphate. In the 19th century, Mauritania became a French colony as part of French West Africa. It gained independence from France on November 28, 1960. The first President of Mauritania was Moktar Ould Daddah, who established a one-party state. In 1978, a military coup d'état led to a series of military governments.

Geography

Mauritania is largely covered by the Sahara Desert, with the exception of the fertile Senegal River valley in the south. The country has a hot, arid climate with limited rainfall. The highest point in Mauritania is Kediet ej Jill, which stands at 915 meters (3,002 feet) above sea level.

Economy

Mauritania's economy is based on agriculture, livestock, and mining. The country is rich in natural resources, including iron ore, gold, and copper. The fishing industry is also significant due to the rich fishing grounds off the Atlantic coast. Despite these resources, Mauritania remains one of the poorest countries in the world, with a high rate of poverty and unemployment.

Demographics

The population of Mauritania is composed of several ethnic groups, including the Moors (of Arab-Berber descent), Black Africans, and Haratin (descendants of former slaves). The official language is Arabic, and French is widely used in government and education. Other languages spoken include Pulaar, Soninke, and Wolof.

Culture

Mauritania has a rich cultural heritage that reflects its diverse population. Traditional music, dance, and poetry are important aspects of Mauritanian culture. The country is known for its unique style of Moorish architecture, which can be seen in historic cities such as Chinguetti and Ouadane.

Politics

Mauritania is a republic with a semi-presidential system. The President is the head of state, and the Prime Minister is the head of government. The country has experienced political instability, including several coups d'état. The most recent coup occurred in 2008, leading to the establishment of a transitional government and subsequent elections.

Religion

Islam is the state religion of Mauritania, and nearly 100% of the population is Muslim. The practice of Islam in Mauritania is characterized by the Maliki school of Sunni jurisprudence. Religious practices and beliefs are deeply integrated into daily life and the legal system.

Education

Education in Mauritania is compulsory for children between the ages of 6 and 14. The education system faces challenges, including limited resources, low enrollment rates, and gender disparities. Higher education institutions include the University of Nouakchott.

Health

The healthcare system in Mauritania is underdeveloped, with limited access to medical services, especially in rural areas. Common health issues include malaria, tuberculosis, and malnutrition. Efforts are being made to improve healthcare infrastructure and services.

See also

• List of cities in Mauritania
• Geography of Mauritania
• Economy of Mauritania
• Politics of Mauritania
• Culture of Mauritania