Hematemesis

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Hematemesis
Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Vomiting of blood
Complications	Hypovolemic shock, anemia
Onset	Sudden
Duration	Variable
Types	N/A
Causes	Peptic ulcer disease, esophageal varices, gastritis, Mallory-Weiss tear, esophageal cancer
Risks	Alcohol use disorder, liver cirrhosis, NSAID use
Diagnosis	Endoscopy, blood tests, imaging
Differential diagnosis	Hemoptysis, epistaxis, melena
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Intravenous fluids, blood transfusion, endoscopic therapy, proton pump inhibitors
Medication	Proton pump inhibitors, vasopressin, octreotide
Prognosis	Depends on cause and severity
Frequency	Common
Deaths	N/A

Hematemesis refers to the vomiting of blood, a serious symptom that can indicate a variety of underlying health conditions. It involves the expulsion of blood from the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which may appear bright red or have a coffee-ground appearance due to partial digestion by stomach acids.

Causes

Hematemesis can result from several conditions, including:

• Peptic ulcers: Open sores on the inner lining of the stomach or upper small intestine.
• Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining.
• Esophageal varices: Swollen veins in the lower part of the esophagus, often associated with liver disease.
• Mallory-Weiss tear: A tear in the mucous membrane at the junction of the stomach and esophagus, typically caused by severe vomiting.
• Gastrointestinal bleeding: Bleeding anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract.

Symptoms

Besides the presence of blood in vomit, symptoms accompanying hematemesis may include:

• Dizziness and fainting
• Abdominal pain
• Shortness of breath
• Paleness
• Rapid heart rate

Diagnosis

Diagnosing the cause of hematemesis involves a series of tests, including:

• Blood tests to assess overall health and clotting function.
• Endoscopy to visually examine the upper GI tract for sources of bleeding.
• Imaging tests, such as CT scans or X-rays, to identify internal bleeding.

Treatment

Treatment for hematemesis focuses on stopping the bleeding and addressing the underlying cause. This may involve:

• Medications to reduce stomach acid and protect the GI tract.
• Endoscopic therapies to control bleeding, such as banding or sclerotherapy for esophageal varices.
• Surgery in severe cases to repair the source of bleeding.

Complications

If not treated promptly, hematemesis can lead to significant blood loss, leading to anemia, shock, or even death.

Prevention

Preventive measures depend on the underlying cause but may include managing chronic conditions, avoiding nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and reducing alcohol consumption.

See Also

• Gastrointestinal bleeding
• Peptic ulcer
• Gastritis
• Esophageal varices

External Links

• Mayo Clinic - Vomiting Blood
• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases - Gastrointestinal Bleeding

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