Biphenotypic acute leukaemia: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox medical condition | |||
| name = Biphenotypic acute leukaemia | |||
| synonyms = BAL | |||
| field = [[Hematology]] | |||
| symptoms = [[Fatigue (medical)|Fatigue]], [[fever]], [[infection]], [[bleeding]], [[anemia]], [[thrombocytopenia]] | |||
| complications = [[Infection]], [[bleeding disorders]], [[anemia]] | |||
| onset = Any age, but more common in adults | |||
| duration = Chronic | |||
| causes = Unknown, possibly [[genetic predisposition]] | |||
| risks = [[Previous chemotherapy]], [[radiation therapy]], [[genetic disorders]] | |||
| diagnosis = [[Bone marrow biopsy]], [[immunophenotyping]], [[cytogenetic analysis]] | |||
| differential = [[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]], [[acute myeloid leukemia]] | |||
| treatment = [[Chemotherapy]], [[stem cell transplant]] | |||
| prognosis = Variable, generally poor | |||
| frequency = Rare | |||
}} | |||
[[file:Philadelphia_Chromosom.svg|thumb|left]] [[file:Protein_MLL_PDB_2j2s.png|thumb|left]] '''Biphenotypic acute leukaemia''' (BAL) is a rare and aggressive form of [[acute leukaemia]] that exhibits characteristics of both [[acute lymphoblastic leukaemia]] (ALL) and [[acute myeloid leukaemia]] (AML). This dual lineage expression makes it a unique and challenging condition to diagnose and treat. | [[file:Philadelphia_Chromosom.svg|thumb|left]] [[file:Protein_MLL_PDB_2j2s.png|thumb|left]] '''Biphenotypic acute leukaemia''' (BAL) is a rare and aggressive form of [[acute leukaemia]] that exhibits characteristics of both [[acute lymphoblastic leukaemia]] (ALL) and [[acute myeloid leukaemia]] (AML). This dual lineage expression makes it a unique and challenging condition to diagnose and treat. | ||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
Biphenotypic acute leukaemia is classified under the broader category of [[acute leukaemia]]s. It is identified based on the expression of specific markers that are typically associated with both lymphoid and myeloid lineages. The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) classification system includes BAL under the category of [[mixed phenotype acute leukaemia]] (MPAL). | Biphenotypic acute leukaemia is classified under the broader category of [[acute leukaemia]]s. It is identified based on the expression of specific markers that are typically associated with both lymphoid and myeloid lineages. The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) classification system includes BAL under the category of [[mixed phenotype acute leukaemia]] (MPAL). | ||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
The diagnosis of BAL involves a combination of [[morphology]], [[immunophenotyping]], [[cytogenetics]], and [[molecular genetics]]. Immunophenotyping is crucial for identifying the presence of both lymphoid and myeloid markers on the leukaemic cells. Common markers include [[CD19]], [[CD10]], [[CD79a]] for the lymphoid lineage, and [[CD13]], [[CD33]], [[myeloperoxidase]] (MPO) for the myeloid lineage. | The diagnosis of BAL involves a combination of [[morphology]], [[immunophenotyping]], [[cytogenetics]], and [[molecular genetics]]. Immunophenotyping is crucial for identifying the presence of both lymphoid and myeloid markers on the leukaemic cells. Common markers include [[CD19]], [[CD10]], [[CD79a]] for the lymphoid lineage, and [[CD13]], [[CD33]], [[myeloperoxidase]] (MPO) for the myeloid lineage. | ||
==Symptoms== | ==Symptoms== | ||
The symptoms of biphenotypic acute leukaemia are similar to those of other types of acute leukaemia and may include: | The symptoms of biphenotypic acute leukaemia are similar to those of other types of acute leukaemia and may include: | ||
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* [[Swollen lymph nodes]] | * [[Swollen lymph nodes]] | ||
* [[Pallor]] | * [[Pallor]] | ||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
Treatment for BAL typically involves a combination of therapies used for both ALL and AML. This may include: | Treatment for BAL typically involves a combination of therapies used for both ALL and AML. This may include: | ||
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* [[Stem cell transplantation]] | * [[Stem cell transplantation]] | ||
* [[Immunotherapy]] | * [[Immunotherapy]] | ||
The choice of treatment depends on various factors, including the patient's age, overall health, and specific genetic abnormalities present in the leukaemic cells. | The choice of treatment depends on various factors, including the patient's age, overall health, and specific genetic abnormalities present in the leukaemic cells. | ||
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
The prognosis for patients with biphenotypic acute leukaemia is generally poor compared to those with either ALL or AML alone. The dual lineage nature of the disease often makes it more resistant to standard treatments. However, advancements in targeted therapies and personalized medicine are providing new hope for improved outcomes. | The prognosis for patients with biphenotypic acute leukaemia is generally poor compared to those with either ALL or AML alone. The dual lineage nature of the disease often makes it more resistant to standard treatments. However, advancements in targeted therapies and personalized medicine are providing new hope for improved outcomes. | ||
==Research== | ==Research== | ||
Ongoing research is focused on better understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying BAL, as well as developing more effective and targeted treatment strategies. Clinical trials are an important aspect of this research, offering patients access to new and potentially more effective therapies. | Ongoing research is focused on better understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying BAL, as well as developing more effective and targeted treatment strategies. Clinical trials are an important aspect of this research, offering patients access to new and potentially more effective therapies. | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [[Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia]] | * [[Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia]] | ||
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* [[Leukaemia]] | * [[Leukaemia]] | ||
* [[Stem cell transplantation]] | * [[Stem cell transplantation]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
{{WikiProject Medicine}} | {{WikiProject Medicine}} | ||
[[Category:Leukaemia]] | [[Category:Leukaemia]] | ||
[[Category:Hematologic neoplasms]] | [[Category:Hematologic neoplasms]] | ||
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[[Category:Medical conditions with abnormal blood test results]] | [[Category:Medical conditions with abnormal blood test results]] | ||
[[Category:Medicine stubs]] | [[Category:Medicine stubs]] | ||
{{medicine-stub}} | {{medicine-stub}} | ||
Latest revision as of 02:34, 4 April 2025
| Biphenotypic acute leukaemia | |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | BAL |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | N/A |
| Symptoms | Fatigue, fever, infection, bleeding, anemia, thrombocytopenia |
| Complications | Infection, bleeding disorders, anemia |
| Onset | Any age, but more common in adults |
| Duration | Chronic |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Unknown, possibly genetic predisposition |
| Risks | Previous chemotherapy, radiation therapy, genetic disorders |
| Diagnosis | Bone marrow biopsy, immunophenotyping, cytogenetic analysis |
| Differential diagnosis | Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia |
| Prevention | N/A |
| Treatment | Chemotherapy, stem cell transplant |
| Medication | N/A |
| Prognosis | Variable, generally poor |
| Frequency | Rare |
| Deaths | N/A |
Biphenotypic acute leukaemia (BAL) is a rare and aggressive form of acute leukaemia that exhibits characteristics of both acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). This dual lineage expression makes it a unique and challenging condition to diagnose and treat.
Classification[edit]
Biphenotypic acute leukaemia is classified under the broader category of acute leukaemias. It is identified based on the expression of specific markers that are typically associated with both lymphoid and myeloid lineages. The World Health Organization (WHO) classification system includes BAL under the category of mixed phenotype acute leukaemia (MPAL).
Diagnosis[edit]
The diagnosis of BAL involves a combination of morphology, immunophenotyping, cytogenetics, and molecular genetics. Immunophenotyping is crucial for identifying the presence of both lymphoid and myeloid markers on the leukaemic cells. Common markers include CD19, CD10, CD79a for the lymphoid lineage, and CD13, CD33, myeloperoxidase (MPO) for the myeloid lineage.
Symptoms[edit]
The symptoms of biphenotypic acute leukaemia are similar to those of other types of acute leukaemia and may include:
Treatment[edit]
Treatment for BAL typically involves a combination of therapies used for both ALL and AML. This may include:
The choice of treatment depends on various factors, including the patient's age, overall health, and specific genetic abnormalities present in the leukaemic cells.
Prognosis[edit]
The prognosis for patients with biphenotypic acute leukaemia is generally poor compared to those with either ALL or AML alone. The dual lineage nature of the disease often makes it more resistant to standard treatments. However, advancements in targeted therapies and personalized medicine are providing new hope for improved outcomes.
Research[edit]
Ongoing research is focused on better understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying BAL, as well as developing more effective and targeted treatment strategies. Clinical trials are an important aspect of this research, offering patients access to new and potentially more effective therapies.
See also[edit]
- Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
- Acute myeloid leukaemia
- Mixed phenotype acute leukaemia
- Leukaemia
- Stem cell transplantation
References[edit]
<references group="" responsive="1"></references>
External links[edit]
