Flavonoid: Difference between revisions
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= Flavonoid = | |||
[[File: | [[File:Flavonoids.svg|thumb|right|Structure of flavonoids]] | ||
Flavonoids are a | '''Flavonoids''' are a class of [[polyphenolic]] compounds found in many [[plants]]. They are known for their diverse beneficial [[biological activities]] in humans and are a significant part of the [[human diet]]. | ||
== Structure == | == Structure == | ||
Flavonoids | Flavonoids are characterized by their [[15-carbon]] skeleton, which consists of two [[phenyl]] rings (A and B) and a heterocyclic ring (C). This structure can be abbreviated as C6-C3-C6. | ||
[[File:Flavone_skeleton_colored.svg|thumb|left|Flavone skeleton]] | |||
The basic structure of flavonoids can be modified in various ways, leading to different subclasses such as [[flavones]], [[flavonols]], [[isoflavones]], and others. | |||
== Subclasses == | |||
== | === Flavones === | ||
[[File:Flavone_skeleton_colored.svg|thumb|right|Flavone structure]] | |||
Flavones are characterized by a double bond between C2 and C3 and a ketone at C4. They are commonly found in [[parsley]], [[celery]], and [[chamomile]]. | |||
=== Flavonols === | |||
[[File:Flavonol_skeleton_colored.svg|thumb|left|Flavonol structure]] | |||
Flavonols have a hydroxyl group at C3 in addition to the structure of flavones. They are abundant in [[onions]], [[kale]], and [[broccoli]]. | |||
=== Isoflavones === | |||
[[File:Isoflavan.svg|thumb|right|Isoflavone structure]] | |||
Isoflavones have a different arrangement of the B ring, which is attached at C3 of the C ring. They are primarily found in [[soybeans]] and other [[legumes]]. | |||
=== Flavanones === | |||
Flavanones are similar to flavones but lack the double bond between C2 and C3. They are found in [[citrus fruits]] like [[oranges]] and [[grapefruits]]. | |||
=== Anthocyanins === | |||
Anthocyanins are pigments responsible for the red, purple, and blue colors in many fruits and vegetables. They are water-soluble and found in [[berries]], [[grapes]], and [[red cabbage]]. | |||
=== Chalcones === | |||
Chalcones are open-chain flavonoids that serve as precursors to other flavonoid classes. They are found in [[licorice]] and [[hops]]. | |||
== Biological Functions == | |||
Flavonoids are known for their [[antioxidant]] properties, which help in neutralizing [[free radicals]] and reducing [[oxidative stress]]. They also exhibit [[anti-inflammatory]], [[antiviral]], and [[anticancer]] activities. | |||
[[File:Flavonoids_Biochemistry.png|thumb|left|Biochemical pathways of flavonoids]] | |||
Flavonoids can modulate [[cell signaling]] pathways and influence the activity of various [[enzymes]]. They are also involved in the regulation of [[gene expression]]. | |||
== | == Dietary Sources == | ||
Flavonoids are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and are present in a variety of foods and beverages. Common sources include: | |||
* | * [[Fruits]]: [[apples]], [[berries]], [[grapes]] | ||
* | * [[Vegetables]]: [[onions]], [[kale]], [[broccoli]] | ||
* | * [[Beverages]]: [[tea]], [[red wine]], [[citrus juices]] | ||
== Related Pages == | == Related Pages == | ||
| Line 51: | Line 65: | ||
* [[Polyphenol]] | * [[Polyphenol]] | ||
* [[Antioxidant]] | * [[Antioxidant]] | ||
* [[ | * [[Plant secondary metabolism]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Flavonoids]] | ||
Latest revision as of 14:17, 21 February 2025
Flavonoid[edit]
Flavonoids are a class of polyphenolic compounds found in many plants. They are known for their diverse beneficial biological activities in humans and are a significant part of the human diet.
Structure[edit]
Flavonoids are characterized by their 15-carbon skeleton, which consists of two phenyl rings (A and B) and a heterocyclic ring (C). This structure can be abbreviated as C6-C3-C6.
The basic structure of flavonoids can be modified in various ways, leading to different subclasses such as flavones, flavonols, isoflavones, and others.
Subclasses[edit]
Flavones[edit]
Flavones are characterized by a double bond between C2 and C3 and a ketone at C4. They are commonly found in parsley, celery, and chamomile.
Flavonols[edit]
Flavonols have a hydroxyl group at C3 in addition to the structure of flavones. They are abundant in onions, kale, and broccoli.
Isoflavones[edit]
Isoflavones have a different arrangement of the B ring, which is attached at C3 of the C ring. They are primarily found in soybeans and other legumes.
Flavanones[edit]
Flavanones are similar to flavones but lack the double bond between C2 and C3. They are found in citrus fruits like oranges and grapefruits.
Anthocyanins[edit]
Anthocyanins are pigments responsible for the red, purple, and blue colors in many fruits and vegetables. They are water-soluble and found in berries, grapes, and red cabbage.
Chalcones[edit]
Chalcones are open-chain flavonoids that serve as precursors to other flavonoid classes. They are found in licorice and hops.
Biological Functions[edit]
Flavonoids are known for their antioxidant properties, which help in neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. They also exhibit anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancer activities.
Flavonoids can modulate cell signaling pathways and influence the activity of various enzymes. They are also involved in the regulation of gene expression.
Dietary Sources[edit]
Flavonoids are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and are present in a variety of foods and beverages. Common sources include:
- Fruits: apples, berries, grapes
- Vegetables: onions, kale, broccoli
- Beverages: tea, red wine, citrus juices
