Enteroendocrine cell: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 05:17, 16 February 2025

Enteroendocrine cells[edit]

Enteroendocrine cells are specialized cells found in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas that release hormones in response to various stimuli. These cells play a crucial role in the regulation of digestion, metabolism, and appetite. They are part of the diffuse endocrine system and are distributed throughout the epithelium of the stomach, small intestine, and colon.

Types of enteroendocrine cells[edit]

Enteroendocrine cells are classified based on the hormones they secrete and their location within the gastrointestinal tract. Some of the major types include:

G cells: Located in the stomach, these cells secrete gastrin, which stimulates gastric acid secretion.
I cells: Found in the duodenum and jejunum, they release cholecystokinin (CCK), which stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion.
S cells: Also located in the duodenum, these cells secrete secretin, which stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid.
K cells: Found in the duodenum and jejunum, they produce gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), which induces insulin secretion.
L cells: Located in the ileum and colon, they secrete glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which enhances insulin secretion and inhibits glucagon release.

Function[edit]

Enteroendocrine cells are integral to the endocrine system of the gut, often referred to as the "gut-brain axis." They sense nutrients and other stimuli in the gut lumen and respond by secreting hormones that regulate various physiological processes. These hormones can act locally on nearby cells or enter the bloodstream to exert systemic effects.

Regulation of digestion[edit]

Enteroendocrine cells modulate the digestive process by regulating the secretion of digestive enzymes, bile, and gastric acid. For example, CCK released by I cells stimulates the pancreas and gallbladder, aiding in the digestion of fats and proteins.

Appetite control[edit]

Hormones such as GLP-1 and peptide YY (PYY) are involved in signaling satiety to the central nervous system, thereby regulating food intake and body weight.

Glucose homeostasis[edit]

Enteroendocrine hormones like GIP and GLP-1 play a role in the regulation of blood glucose levels by enhancing insulin secretion in response to nutrient intake.

Clinical significance[edit]

Dysfunction of enteroendocrine cells can lead to various gastrointestinal disorders and metabolic diseases. For instance, impaired GLP-1 secretion is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Understanding the role of these cells in health and disease is crucial for developing new therapeutic strategies.

Related pages[edit]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Enteroendocrine cells''' are a group of [[cells]] found in the wall of the [[gastrointestinal tract]] and [[pancreas]]. They are part of the [[endocrine system]] and are responsible for producing and releasing [[hormones]] directly into the [[bloodstream]]. These hormones help regulate a variety of bodily functions, including digestion, appetite, and blood sugar levels.
+{{DISPLAYTITLE:Enteroendocrine cell}}
-== Function ==
+== Enteroendocrine cells ==
+[[File:Digestive_hormones.jpg|thumb|right|Diagram of digestive hormones secreted by enteroendocrine cells.]]
-Enteroendocrine cells produce a variety of hormones that play a crucial role in the body's [[digestive system]]. These hormones include [[cholecystokinin]], which stimulates the digestion of fat and protein; [[gastrin]], which stimulates the secretion of gastric acid; and [[glucagon-like peptide-1]], which stimulates insulin secretion and inhibits glucagon secretion.
+'''Enteroendocrine cells''' are specialized cells found in the [[gastrointestinal tract]] and [[pancreas]] that release hormones in response to various stimuli. These cells play a crucial role in the regulation of [[digestion]], [[metabolism]], and [[appetite]]. They are part of the [[diffuse endocrine system]] and are distributed throughout the [[epithelium]] of the [[stomach]], [[small intestine]], and [[colon]].
-== Types ==
+== Types of enteroendocrine cells ==
+Enteroendocrine cells are classified based on the hormones they secrete and their location within the gastrointestinal tract. Some of the major types include:
-There are several types of enteroendocrine cells, each producing different hormones. These include:
+* '''G cells''': Located in the [[stomach]], these cells secrete [[gastrin]], which stimulates [[gastric acid]] secretion.
+* '''I cells''': Found in the [[duodenum]] and [[jejunum]], they release [[cholecystokinin]] (CCK), which stimulates [[gallbladder]] contraction and [[pancreatic enzyme]] secretion.
+* '''S cells''': Also located in the duodenum, these cells secrete [[secretin]], which stimulates the pancreas to release [[bicarbonate]] to neutralize [[stomach acid]].
+* '''K cells''': Found in the duodenum and jejunum, they produce [[gastric inhibitory peptide]] (GIP), which induces [[insulin]] secretion.
+* '''L cells''': Located in the ileum and colon, they secrete [[glucagon-like peptide-1]] (GLP-1), which enhances insulin secretion and inhibits [[glucagon]] release.
-* '''[[G cells]]''': These cells produce gastrin and are found in the stomach and duodenum.
+== Function ==
-* '''[[I cells]]''': These cells produce cholecystokinin and are found in the duodenum and jejunum.
+Enteroendocrine cells are integral to the [[endocrine system]] of the gut, often referred to as the "[[gut-brain axis]]." They sense nutrients and other stimuli in the gut lumen and respond by secreting hormones that regulate various physiological processes. These hormones can act locally on nearby cells or enter the [[bloodstream]] to exert systemic effects.
-* '''[[L cells]]''': These cells produce glucagon-like peptide-1 and are found in the ileum and colon.
-== Clinical significance ==
+=== Regulation of digestion ===
+Enteroendocrine cells modulate the [[digestive process]] by regulating the secretion of digestive enzymes, [[bile]], and gastric acid. For example, CCK released by I cells stimulates the pancreas and gallbladder, aiding in the digestion of fats and proteins.
-Abnormalities in enteroendocrine cells can lead to a variety of medical conditions. For example, an overproduction of gastrin can lead to [[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]], a condition characterized by ulcers in the stomach and duodenum. On the other hand, a deficiency in glucagon-like peptide-1 can contribute to the development of [[type 2 diabetes]].
+=== Appetite control ===
+Hormones such as GLP-1 and [[peptide YY]] (PYY) are involved in signaling satiety to the [[central nervous system]], thereby regulating food intake and body weight.
-== Research ==
+=== Glucose homeostasis ===
+Enteroendocrine hormones like GIP and GLP-1 play a role in the regulation of blood glucose levels by enhancing insulin secretion in response to nutrient intake.
-Research into enteroendocrine cells is ongoing, with scientists seeking to better understand their role in the body and how they can be targeted for the treatment of various diseases. For example, some research is focused on developing drugs that can stimulate the production of glucagon-like peptide-1 in order to treat type 2 diabetes.
+== Clinical significance ==
+Dysfunction of enteroendocrine cells can lead to various [[gastrointestinal disorders]] and [[metabolic diseases]]. For instance, impaired GLP-1 secretion is associated with [[type 2 diabetes mellitus]]. Understanding the role of these cells in health and disease is crucial for developing new therapeutic strategies.
-== See also ==
+== Related pages ==
+* [[Gastrointestinal tract]]
 * [[Endocrine system]]
-* [[Gastrointestinal tract]]
 * [[Hormone]]
 * [[Pancreas]]
+* [[Metabolism]]
 [[Category:Endocrine system]]
 [[Category:Gastroenterology]]
-[[Category:Cell biology]]
-{{Endocrine-stub}}
-{{Cell-biology-stub}}