Mitral annular calcification: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox medical condition | |||
| name = Mitral annular calcification | |||
| synonyms = MAC | |||
| field = [[Cardiology]] | |||
| symptoms = Often asymptomatic, may include [[heart murmur]], [[arrhythmia]], [[heart failure]] symptoms | |||
| complications = [[Mitral valve stenosis]], [[mitral regurgitation]], [[atrial fibrillation]], [[stroke]] | |||
| onset = Typically in older adults | |||
| duration = Chronic | |||
| causes = [[Aging]], [[chronic kidney disease]], [[hypertension]], [[diabetes mellitus]] | |||
| risks = [[Age]], [[chronic kidney disease]], [[hypertension]], [[diabetes mellitus]], [[hyperlipidemia]] | |||
| diagnosis = [[Echocardiography]], [[CT scan]], [[chest X-ray]] | |||
| differential = [[Mitral valve prolapse]], [[rheumatic heart disease]], [[infective endocarditis]] | |||
| treatment = Management of symptoms, [[surgical intervention]] if severe | |||
| medication = [[Anticoagulants]], [[beta blockers]], [[diuretics]] | |||
| prognosis = Variable, depends on severity and complications | |||
| frequency = Common in elderly population | |||
}} | |||
'''Mitral annular calcification''' (MAC) is a chronic, degenerative calcification of the mitral valve annulus. It is associated with aging and is more common in women. MAC is often seen in patients with atherosclerosis, and it may be associated with [[coronary artery disease]], [[hypertension]], and [[diabetes mellitus]]. | '''Mitral annular calcification''' (MAC) is a chronic, degenerative calcification of the mitral valve annulus. It is associated with aging and is more common in women. MAC is often seen in patients with atherosclerosis, and it may be associated with [[coronary artery disease]], [[hypertension]], and [[diabetes mellitus]]. | ||
==Epidemiology== | ==Epidemiology== | ||
MAC is a common finding in the elderly population, with a prevalence of 8-15% in those aged 50-60 years and up to 30-40% in those aged 80 years or older. It is more common in women than in men, and the prevalence is higher in individuals with [[chronic kidney disease]] or [[diabetes mellitus]]. | MAC is a common finding in the elderly population, with a prevalence of 8-15% in those aged 50-60 years and up to 30-40% in those aged 80 years or older. It is more common in women than in men, and the prevalence is higher in individuals with [[chronic kidney disease]] or [[diabetes mellitus]]. | ||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
The exact pathophysiology of MAC is not fully understood. It is thought to be related to chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, which lead to the deposition of calcium in the mitral valve annulus. This process is similar to the pathogenesis of [[atherosclerosis]]. | The exact pathophysiology of MAC is not fully understood. It is thought to be related to chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, which lead to the deposition of calcium in the mitral valve annulus. This process is similar to the pathogenesis of [[atherosclerosis]]. | ||
==Clinical Presentation== | ==Clinical Presentation== | ||
Patients with MAC are often asymptomatic. However, in severe cases, MAC can lead to [[mitral stenosis]] or [[mitral regurgitation]], which can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and palpitations. | Patients with MAC are often asymptomatic. However, in severe cases, MAC can lead to [[mitral stenosis]] or [[mitral regurgitation]], which can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and palpitations. | ||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
MAC is usually diagnosed by [[echocardiography]], which can show the characteristic calcification of the mitral valve annulus. Other imaging modalities, such as [[computed tomography]] (CT) and [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI), can also be used. | MAC is usually diagnosed by [[echocardiography]], which can show the characteristic calcification of the mitral valve annulus. Other imaging modalities, such as [[computed tomography]] (CT) and [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI), can also be used. | ||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
The treatment of MAC is primarily aimed at managing the underlying conditions, such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be required. | The treatment of MAC is primarily aimed at managing the underlying conditions, such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be required. | ||
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
The prognosis of MAC is generally good, as it is often a benign condition. However, it can be associated with an increased risk of [[stroke]] and [[cardiovascular disease]]. | The prognosis of MAC is generally good, as it is often a benign condition. However, it can be associated with an increased risk of [[stroke]] and [[cardiovascular disease]]. | ||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
* [[Mitral valve]] | * [[Mitral valve]] | ||
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* [[Atherosclerosis]] | * [[Atherosclerosis]] | ||
* [[Coronary artery disease]] | * [[Coronary artery disease]] | ||
[[Category:Cardiology]] | [[Category:Cardiology]] | ||
[[Category:Medical conditions]] | [[Category:Medical conditions]] | ||
[[Category:Geriatrics]] | [[Category:Geriatrics]] | ||
{{stub}} | {{stub}} | ||
{{dictionary-stub1}} | {{dictionary-stub1}} | ||
{{No image}} | {{No image}} | ||
Latest revision as of 02:38, 4 April 2025
| Mitral annular calcification | |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | MAC |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | N/A |
| Symptoms | Often asymptomatic, may include heart murmur, arrhythmia, heart failure symptoms |
| Complications | Mitral valve stenosis, mitral regurgitation, atrial fibrillation, stroke |
| Onset | Typically in older adults |
| Duration | Chronic |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Aging, chronic kidney disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus |
| Risks | Age, chronic kidney disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia |
| Diagnosis | Echocardiography, CT scan, chest X-ray |
| Differential diagnosis | Mitral valve prolapse, rheumatic heart disease, infective endocarditis |
| Prevention | N/A |
| Treatment | Management of symptoms, surgical intervention if severe |
| Medication | Anticoagulants, beta blockers, diuretics |
| Prognosis | Variable, depends on severity and complications |
| Frequency | Common in elderly population |
| Deaths | N/A |
Mitral annular calcification (MAC) is a chronic, degenerative calcification of the mitral valve annulus. It is associated with aging and is more common in women. MAC is often seen in patients with atherosclerosis, and it may be associated with coronary artery disease, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus.
Epidemiology[edit]
MAC is a common finding in the elderly population, with a prevalence of 8-15% in those aged 50-60 years and up to 30-40% in those aged 80 years or older. It is more common in women than in men, and the prevalence is higher in individuals with chronic kidney disease or diabetes mellitus.
Pathophysiology[edit]
The exact pathophysiology of MAC is not fully understood. It is thought to be related to chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, which lead to the deposition of calcium in the mitral valve annulus. This process is similar to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Clinical Presentation[edit]
Patients with MAC are often asymptomatic. However, in severe cases, MAC can lead to mitral stenosis or mitral regurgitation, which can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and palpitations.
Diagnosis[edit]
MAC is usually diagnosed by echocardiography, which can show the characteristic calcification of the mitral valve annulus. Other imaging modalities, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), can also be used.
Treatment[edit]
The treatment of MAC is primarily aimed at managing the underlying conditions, such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be required.
Prognosis[edit]
The prognosis of MAC is generally good, as it is often a benign condition. However, it can be associated with an increased risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease.
