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Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension)

Low blood pressure, also known as hypotension, is a condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is abnormally low. Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, and it is one of the principal vital signs. Hypotension can be a sign of good health and fitness, but it can also indicate underlying health issues, especially if it causes symptoms or occurs suddenly.

Definition

Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is recorded with two numbers: systolic pressure (the pressure when the heart beats) over diastolic pressure (the pressure when the heart rests between beats). Hypotension is generally defined as a blood pressure reading lower than 90/60 mmHg.

Causes

Hypotension can result from various factors, including:

• Dehydration: Loss of fluids can lead to a decrease in blood volume, causing blood pressure to drop.
• Heart problems: Conditions such as bradycardia, heart valve problems, heart attack, and heart failure can lead to low blood pressure.
• Endocrine problems: Disorders such as adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease), low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), and diabetes can cause hypotension.
• Severe infection (septicemia): When an infection in the body enters the bloodstream, it can lead to a life-threatening drop in blood pressure.
• Blood loss: Losing a lot of blood from a major injury or internal bleeding reduces the amount of blood in the body, leading to a severe drop in blood pressure.
• Lack of nutrients in your diet: A lack of the vitamins B-12 and folate can prevent your body from producing enough red blood cells, causing low blood pressure.

Symptoms

While some people with low blood pressure may not experience any symptoms, others may experience:

• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Fainting (syncope)
• Blurred or fading vision
• Nausea
• Fatigue
• Lack of concentration

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of hypotension involves:

• Medical history and physical examination: A doctor will review the patient's medical history and perform a physical exam.
• Blood pressure monitoring: Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer.
• Blood tests: To check for conditions such as anemia or low blood sugar.
• Electrocardiogram (ECG): To detect heart rhythm problems.
• Echocardiogram: To check for structural heart problems.
• Stress test: To see how the heart performs under physical stress.

Treatment

Treatment for hypotension depends on the underlying cause. Options may include:

• Increasing salt intake: Sodium can raise blood pressure.
• Drinking more water: Fluids increase blood volume and help prevent dehydration.
• Wearing compression stockings: These can help reduce the pooling of blood in the legs.
• Medications: In some cases, medications may be prescribed to increase blood pressure.

Also see

• Hypertension
• Cardiovascular disease
• Syncope
• Dehydration
• Adrenal insufficiency