Xylitol

A sugar alcohol used as a sweetener

Xylitol

Structural formula of xylitol

Xylitol is a sugar alcohol used as a sweetener. It is a colorless or white crystalline solid that is soluble in water. Xylitol is categorized as a polyol and is used as a sugar substitute in various products, including chewing gum, toothpaste, and mouthwash.

Chemical Structure and Properties

Xylitol has the chemical formula C₅H₁₂O₅. It is an achiral compound, meaning it does not have a chiral center. The structure of xylitol consists of a five-carbon backbone with hydroxyl groups attached to each carbon, making it a pentitol.

Production

Xylitol is produced industrially by the hydrogenation of xylose, which is derived from hemicellulose. The process involves the catalytic reduction of xylose to xylitol, typically using a nickel catalyst.

Uses

Xylitol is widely used as a sugar substitute due to its sweetness, which is comparable to that of sucrose, but with fewer calories. It is commonly found in "sugar-free" products, such as:

• Chewing gum
• Mints
• Toothpaste
• Mouthwash
• Baked goods

Health Benefits

Xylitol is known for its dental benefits. It is non-cariogenic, meaning it does not contribute to tooth decay. In fact, xylitol can help reduce the levels of Streptococcus mutans, a bacterium associated with cavities, in the mouth. It also promotes the remineralization of tooth enamel.

Safety and Side Effects

Xylitol is generally considered safe for human consumption. However, excessive intake can lead to gastrointestinal discomfort, such as bloating and diarrhea, due to its osmotic effect in the intestine.

Toxicity in Animals

Xylitol is highly toxic to dogs and can cause a rapid release of insulin, leading to hypoglycemia and potentially liver failure. Pet owners should be cautious to keep xylitol-containing products away from their pets.

Related pages

• Sugar alcohol
• Artificial sweetener
• Dental health