Substantia nigra
Substantia Nigra
The Substantia Nigra (pronounced: /sʌbˈstænʃə ˈnaɪɡrə/) is an important part of the brain that plays a significant role in reward, addiction, and movement.
Etymology
The term "Substantia Nigra" is derived from Latin, where "substantia" means "substance" and "nigra" means "black". This is due to the dark color of the region, which is caused by high levels of neuromelanin in dopaminergic neurons, relative to other brain areas.
Function
The Substantia Nigra is divided into two parts: the pars compacta (SNc) and the pars reticulata (SNr). The SNc mainly contains dopaminergic neurons, which are neurons that release the neurotransmitter dopamine. These neurons project to the striatum, a component of the basal ganglia, and are critical for producing smooth, purposeful movement.
The SNr serves a different function. It contains GABAergic neurons, which send inhibitory signals to various brain areas, helping to regulate movement and influence various other functions.
Clinical Significance
Damage to the Substantia Nigra, particularly the death of dopaminergic neurons in the SNc, is a major factor in Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by movement problems such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia (slowness of movement).
Related Terms
- Dopamine: A neurotransmitter that is produced in several areas of the brain, including the substantia nigra.
- Basal Ganglia: A group of structures in the brain that are involved in various processes, including motor control and learning.
- Parkinson's Disease: A neurodegenerative disorder that affects predominately dopamine-producing neurons in a specific area of the brain called substantia nigra.
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on Substantia nigra
- Wikipedia's article - Substantia nigra
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