Rifampicin/isoniazid/pyrazinamide

Rifampicin/isoniazid/pyrazinamide

3D structure of Rifampicin, a component of the combination drug.

Rifampicin/isoniazid/pyrazinamide is a fixed-dose combination medication used in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). This combination is particularly effective in the initial phase of TB treatment, targeting the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. The medication is a critical component of the Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course (DOTS) strategy recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).

Components

The combination consists of three active ingredients:

• Rifampicin: An antibiotic that inhibits bacterial RNA synthesis by binding to the beta subunit of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. It is effective against a wide range of bacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

• Isoniazid: A prodrug that is activated by the bacterial enzyme catalase-peroxidase. It inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acids, essential components of the bacterial cell wall.

• Pyrazinamide: A prodrug that is converted to its active form, pyrazinoic acid, in the acidic environment of the macrophage phagolysosome. It disrupts the membrane potential and interferes with energy production in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Mechanism of Action

The combination of these three drugs works synergistically to kill the tuberculosis bacteria. Rifampicin and isoniazid are bactericidal, meaning they kill actively dividing bacteria, while pyrazinamide is particularly effective against dormant bacteria in acidic environments. This multi-pronged approach helps prevent the development of drug resistance and ensures a more effective treatment.

Indications

Rifampicin/isoniazid/pyrazinamide is indicated for the initial treatment of active tuberculosis, particularly in the intensive phase of therapy. It is used in combination with other antitubercular drugs, such as ethambutol, to ensure comprehensive treatment.

Administration and Dosage

The medication is typically administered orally, with the dosage depending on the patient's weight and the specific formulation of the drug. It is crucial to adhere to the prescribed regimen to prevent the development of drug-resistant strains of tuberculosis.

Side Effects

Common side effects of this combination include liver toxicity, gastrointestinal disturbances, and hypersensitivity reactions. Patients should be monitored for signs of liver damage, such as jaundice and elevated liver enzymes.

Contraindications

The use of rifampicin/isoniazid/pyrazinamide is contraindicated in patients with severe liver disease or known hypersensitivity to any of the components. Caution is advised in patients with a history of alcoholism or liver impairment.

Related Pages

• Tuberculosis treatment
• Antitubercular agents
• Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course