Quern-stone

A quern-stone is a tool used for hand-grinding a variety of materials. They are used in pairs. The lower, stationary, stone is called a quern, while the upper, mobile, stone is called a handstone. The material to be ground is placed between the stones, and the handstone is rotated to grind it.

History

Quern-stones have been used since ancient times to grind materials such as grain into flour. They were an essential part of early agricultural societies. The earliest quern-stones date back to the Neolithic period, around 9,000 years ago.

Types

There are several types of quern-stones:

• Saddle quern: The earliest type, consisting of a flat stone bed and a rounded stone that was rubbed back and forth.
• Rotary quern: Developed later, these consist of two circular stones, one on top of the other, with a handle for turning the upper stone.

Usage

Quern-stones were used to grind cereal grains such as wheat, barley, and rye into flour for making bread. They were also used to grind spices and other foodstuffs.

Cultural significance

Quern-stones have been found in archaeological sites around the world, indicating their widespread use. They are often associated with the development of agriculture and the rise of civilization.

Modern use

While largely replaced by mechanized mills, quern-stones are still used in some parts of the world, particularly in rural areas where traditional methods are preferred.

See also

• Millstone
• Mortar and pestle
• Grinding

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  Basalt quern

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  Quern upper stone

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  Quern stone at Cliffe Castle Museum

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  Quern stones in China

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  Native women grinding wheat, Palestine

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  Quern at Estonian Open Air Museum

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  Quern stones