Protothecosis

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Protothecosis
Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Cutaneous, subcutaneous, disseminated infections
Complications	Meningitis, arthritis, endophthalmitis
Onset	Varies
Duration	Chronic
Types	N/A
Causes	Prototheca species
Risks	Immunocompromised individuals
Diagnosis	Biopsy, culture, histopathology
Differential diagnosis	Fungal infection, bacterial infection
Prevention	Avoidance of contaminated water and soil
Treatment	Antifungal medications, surgical debridement
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Variable, depends on immune status and treatment
Frequency	Rare
Deaths	N/A

Prototheca wickerhamii stained with hematoxylin and eosin

Prototheca wickerhamii stained with GMS

Prototheca wickerhamii stained with PAS

Protothecosis is a rare infection caused by the Prototheca species of algae. It can affect both humans and animals, and is typically seen in immunocompromised individuals. The infection can manifest in a variety of ways, including cutaneous, olecranon bursitis, and disseminated forms.

Etiology

Protothecosis is caused by the Prototheca species of algae. These organisms are ubiquitous in the environment and can be found in soil, sewage, and contaminated water. The two species most commonly associated with human disease are Prototheca wickerhamii and Prototheca zopfii.

Clinical Presentation

The clinical presentation of protothecosis can vary widely depending on the form of the disease. The cutaneous form typically presents as nodules or ulcers on the skin, while the olecranon bursitis form presents as swelling and pain in the elbow. The disseminated form can affect multiple organ systems and can be life-threatening.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of protothecosis is typically made through culture of the organism from clinical specimens. Molecular methods such as PCR can also be used. Histopathology can reveal characteristic morulae within macrophages.

Treatment

Treatment of protothecosis typically involves a combination of surgical debridement and antifungal therapy. The antifungal agents amphotericin B and itraconazole have been used with some success.

Epidemiology

Protothecosis is a rare disease, with only a few hundred cases reported in the medical literature. It is seen worldwide, but appears to be more common in certain geographic areas such as the southern United States and Japan.

Prevention

Prevention of protothecosis involves avoiding contact with contaminated water and soil, particularly for immunocompromised individuals.

See Also

• Algae
• Immunocompromised
• Amphotericin B
• Itraconazole