Proteolysis

Proteolysis is a process that breaks down proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids. This is an important part of the cellular metabolism in organisms, and it is carried out by enzymes known as proteases.

Overview

Proteolysis can be classified into two types: exoproteases and endoproteases. Exoproteases remove the terminal amino acids from the protein, while endoproteases cleave the peptide bond within the protein. The process can be further classified into four types: hydrolysis, intramolecular proteolysis, subtilisin-like proteolysis, and matrix metalloproteinase-like proteolysis.

Role in Cellular Function

Proteolysis plays a crucial role in a variety of biological functions. It is involved in the cell cycle, apoptosis, protein synthesis, protein folding, and immune response. It also plays a role in the activation of enzymes, the degradation of misfolded proteins, and the regulation of gene expression.

Proteases

Proteases, the enzymes that carry out proteolysis, can be classified into several types based on their catalytic residue: serine proteases, cysteine proteases, aspartic proteases, metalloproteases, and threonine proteases.

Proteolysis in Disease

Abnormal proteolysis can lead to a variety of diseases, including cancer, inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. In these cases, proteolysis can be targeted for therapeutic intervention.

See Also

• Protein degradation
• Proteasome
• Ubiquitin-proteasome system
• Autophagy

References

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Proteolysis

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