Primary ovarian insufficiency

Primary ovarian insufficiency
Synonyms	Premature ovarian failure, premature menopause
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Irregular menstruation, amenorrhea, infertility, hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, irritability, depression
Complications	N/A
Onset	Typically before age 40
Duration	Long-term
Types	N/A
Causes	Genetic disorders, autoimmune disease, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery
Risks	Family history, genetic mutations, autoimmune disorders
Diagnosis	Blood tests for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol, karyotype analysis
Differential diagnosis	Polycystic ovary syndrome, hypothalamic amenorrhea, hyperprolactinemia
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Hormone replacement therapy, calcium and vitamin D supplements, infertility treatment
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Variable, depending on cause and treatment
Frequency	Affects approximately 1% of women under 40
Deaths	N/A

Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), also known as premature ovarian failure, is a condition that affects the functioning of the ovaries in women under the age of 40. Women with POI do not produce normal amounts of the hormone estrogen or release eggs regularly. This often leads to infertility.

Causes

The exact cause of POI is often unknown, but several factors have been linked to the development of this condition. These include:

• Genetic disorders: Some women with POI have a genetic disorder such as Turner syndrome or Fragile X syndrome.
• Autoimmune diseases: In some cases, the immune system may attack the ovaries, damaging them and leading to POI.
• Chemotherapy and radiation therapy: These cancer treatments can damage the ovaries, leading to POI.

Symptoms

The main symptom of POI is irregular or skipped periods. Other symptoms may include:

• Hot flashes
• Night sweats
• Vaginal dryness
• Irritability or difficulty concentrating
• Decreased sexual desire

Diagnosis

POI is diagnosed through a physical exam, a review of symptoms, and blood tests to measure hormone levels. Other tests may include:

• Pregnancy test: This can rule out pregnancy as a cause of missed periods.
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) test: High levels of FSH can indicate POI.
• Karyotype: This test can identify certain genetic disorders.

Treatment

There is currently no cure for POI, but treatments can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. These may include:

• Hormone replacement therapy (HRT): This can help relieve hot flashes and other menopause-like symptoms.
• Calcium and vitamin D supplements: These can help prevent osteoporosis.
• In vitro fertilization (IVF) with donor eggs: This can help women with POI become pregnant.

See also

• Menopause
• Infertility
• Ovarian reserve