Prader–Willi syndrome

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Prader–Willi syndrome
Photo of a child with Prader–Willi syndrome
Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce
Specialty	Endocrinology, Genetics
Symptoms	Hypotonia, feeding difficulties, poor growth, delayed development, hyperphagia, obesity, intellectual disability, behavioral problems
Complications	N/A
Onset	Infancy
Duration	Lifelong
Types
Causes	Genetic disorder (loss of function of specific genes on chromosome 15)
Risks
Diagnosis	Genetic testing
Differential diagnosis	Angelman syndrome, Bardet–Biedl syndrome, Cohen syndrome
Prevention
Treatment	Dietary management, hormone therapy, behavioral therapy
Medication	Growth hormone
Prognosis
Frequency	1 in 10,000 to 30,000
Deaths

Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a complex genetic disorder characterized by a series of physical, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms. PWS is caused by the loss of function of specific genes on chromosome 15. It is a rare condition, with an estimated incidence of 1 in 15,000 to 1 in 25,000 births.<ref>

Prader-Willi Syndrome - GeneReviews®(link). NCBI Bookshelf.

Accessed 2023-05-03.

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File:Prader-WilliBMC.png

Prader-WilliBMC

File:Prader-Willi and Angelman Syndrome (Homo sapiens).svg

Prader-Willi and Angelman Syndrome (Homo sapiens)

Genetics

PWS is caused by the absence of certain active genes in the region of chromosome 15 that is inherited from the father. This can occur through three main mechanisms: paternal deletion, maternal uniparental disomy, or an imprinting defect.<ref>

Prader-Willi syndrome(link). Genetics Home Reference.

Accessed 2023-05-03.

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Symptoms

The symptoms of Prader-Willi Syndrome can be grouped into two stages: those seen in infancy and those that develop during childhood.

Infantile Stage

In newborns, PWS is characterized by:

• Poor muscle tone (hypotonia), leading to a weak cry and a poor sucking reflex
• Poor feeding and failure to thrive
• Distinct facial features, such as almond-shaped eyes and a narrow forehead
• Undescended testicles in boys
• Slow physical and mental development<ref>

Prader-Willi syndrome - Symptoms and causes(link). Mayo Clinic.

Accessed 2023-05-03.

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Childhood Stage

As children with PWS grow older, the syndrome is marked by:

• Excessive hunger and food-seeking behavior, often leading to rapid weight gain and obesity
• Development of type 2 diabetes
• Short stature and small hands and feet
• Intellectual impairment, typically in the mild to moderate range
• Behavioral problems, including temper tantrums and stubbornness
• Light skin and hair compared to family members
• Hypogonadism leading to incomplete sexual development and infertility<ref>

Prader-Willi syndrome - Symptoms(link). NHS.

Accessed 2023-05-03.

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Diagnosis

Diagnosis of PWS involves a combination of clinical findings and genetic testing. Methylation analysis is the standard initial diagnostic test, which can detect over 99% of cases. Further genetic testing can then be performed to determine the specific genetic cause.<ref>

Diagnosis & Testing(link). Prader-Willi Syndrome Association (USA).

Accessed 2023-05-03.

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Management

While there is currently no cure for Prader-Willi Syndrome, there are treatments available to manage its various symptoms. These may include a strict diet and regular physical activity to manage weight, hormone therapy (such as growth hormone or sex hormones), behavioral therapies, and educational support.<ref>

Treatment & Management(link). Prader-Willi Syndrome Association (USA).

Accessed 2023-05-03.

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Growth Hormone Therapy

Growth hormone therapy can help children with PWS reach a more normal height and can also improve their muscle tone, physical strength, and agility.<ref>

The benefits and drawbacks of growth hormone treatment in Prader-Willi syndrome(link). NCBI.

Accessed 2023-05-03.

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Dietary Management

Dietary management is essential in individuals with PWS due to the risk of obesity from overeating. A low-calorie, well-balanced diet is typically recommended, along with close monitoring of the individual's weight.<ref>

Dietary Management(link). Prader-Willi Syndrome Association (USA).

Accessed 2023-05-03.

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Behavioral Therapy

Behavioral therapies can help manage the behavioral problems associated with PWS. This may include cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychotherapy, and social skills training.<ref>

Behavioral Aspects of Prader-Willi Syndrome(link). NCBI.

Accessed 2023-05-03.

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Educational Support

Individuals with PWS often benefit from special education services due to their intellectual impairment. An individualized education plan (IEP) can be developed to meet the specific needs of the child.<ref>

Education(link). Prader-Willi Syndrome Association (USA).

Accessed 2023-05-03.

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Prognosis

With appropriate management, individuals with PWS can lead fulfilling lives. However, they often require lifelong care and support due to the chronic nature of the condition. The main cause of mortality in PWS is complications related to obesity, such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes, but this risk can be reduced with proper management.<ref>

Prader-Willi syndrome: an update and review for the primary pediatrician(link). NCBI.

Accessed 2023-05-03.

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Research Directions

Future research in PWS is focused on understanding the specific functions of the genes involved in the syndrome, exploring potential curative treatments, and developing better strategies for managing the symptoms of the condition.<ref>

Prader-Willi Research(link). Foundation for Prader-Willi Research.

Accessed 2023-05-03.

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References

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