Leukocyte adhesion deficiency

Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD)

Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD) /luːkəsaɪt ædˈhiːʒən dɪˈfɪʃənsi/ is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder that affects the immune system. The term originates from the Greek words "leukos" (white), "kytos" (cell), "adhesion" (sticking together), and "deficiency" (lack).

Overview

LAD is characterized by the body's inability to combat infections effectively, due to a defect in the adhesion molecules on the surface of leukocytes, or white blood cells. This defect prevents leukocytes from adhering to the walls of blood vessels and migrating to sites of infection or inflammation.

Types

There are three types of LAD: LAD-I, LAD-II, and LAD-III. Each type is distinguished by the specific adhesion molecules that are affected and the severity of symptoms.

Symptoms

Symptoms of LAD include recurrent bacterial and fungal infections, delayed wound healing, and severe periodontal disease. In severe cases, patients may also experience life-threatening systemic infections.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of LAD is typically made through a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests (including complete blood count and flow cytometry), and genetic testing.

Treatment

Treatment for LAD typically involves managing infections with antibiotics, antifungal medications, and in severe cases, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with LAD varies depending on the type and severity of the condition. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, many individuals with LAD can lead relatively normal lives.

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Leukocyte adhesion deficiency