Kazakhstan

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The emblem of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country located mainly in Central Asia and partly in Eastern Europe. It is the world's largest landlocked country and the ninth largest country in the world, with an area of 2,724,900 square kilometers. Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia to the north, China to the east, and Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan to the south, while also adjoining a large part of the Caspian Sea to the southwest.

History

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Historical map showing the assimilation of peoples in the region

The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic tribes. The region was a key part of the Silk Road and has seen the rise and fall of many empires and khanates. The Cuman-Kipchak Confederation was one of the prominent powers in the region during the medieval period.

In the 13th century, the area was conquered by the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan. After the decline of the Mongol Empire, the region was divided into several khanates, including the Kazakh Khanate, which emerged in the 15th century.

Russian Empire and Soviet Union

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Cossacks in battle with Kyrgyz tribes, 1826

In the 18th century, the Russian Empire began to expand into the Kazakh steppes. By the mid-19th century, Kazakhstan was fully incorporated into the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Kazakhstan became part of the Soviet Union as the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic.

During the Soviet era, Kazakhstan underwent significant industrialization and collectivization, which had profound effects on its economy and demographics. The Virgin Lands Campaign of the 1950s and 1960s brought a large influx of settlers from other parts of the Soviet Union.

Independence

Kazakhstan declared its independence on December 16, 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. It was the last Soviet republic to declare independence. Since then, Kazakhstan has pursued a policy of economic reform and modernization.

Geography

Kazakhstan is characterized by its vast steppes, deserts, and mountains. The country is home to diverse landscapes, including the Altai Mountains in the east and the Caspian Depression in the west. The Aral Sea, once one of the world's largest lakes, has significantly shrunk due to water diversion projects.

Demographics

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Kazakhs in the 19th century

Kazakhstan is a multi-ethnic country with a population of approximately 19 million people. The largest ethnic group is the Kazakhs, followed by Russians, Uzbeks, Ukrainians, and other ethnic minorities. The official language is Kazakh, with Russian also widely spoken.

Culture

Kazakhstan has a rich cultural heritage that reflects its nomadic past and diverse ethnic composition. Traditional Kazakh culture is centered around yurts, equestrianism, and eagle hunting. The country celebrates various cultural festivals, including Nauryz, the Persian New Year.

Economy

Kazakhstan has a mixed economy with abundant natural resources, including oil, gas, and minerals. The country is a leading exporter of uranium and has significant reserves of coal, iron, and gold. The government has implemented economic reforms to attract foreign investment and diversify the economy.

Politics

Kazakhstan is a unitary republic with a presidential form of government. The President of Kazakhstan is the head of state, while the Prime Minister is the head of government. The country has a bicameral parliament consisting of the Senate and the Mazhilis.

Related pages

• History of Kazakhstan
• Geography of Kazakhstan
• Economy of Kazakhstan
• Culture of Kazakhstan