Dicarboxylic acid

Structure of oxalic acid, the simplest dicarboxylic acid.

A dicarboxylic acid is an organic compound containing two carboxyl groups (−COOH). The general formula for dicarboxylic acids is HOOC-(CH₂)ₙ-COOH, where n is the number of carbon atoms separating the carboxyl groups. These acids are important in various biochemical and industrial processes.

Properties

Dicarboxylic acids are characterized by their ability to donate two protons, making them diprotic acids. They typically have higher melting points than their monocarboxylic acid counterparts due to the presence of two carboxyl groups, which can form strong hydrogen bonds. The solubility of dicarboxylic acids in water decreases as the length of the carbon chain increases.

Common Dicarboxylic Acids

Oxalic Acid

Structure of oxalic acid.

Oxalic acid is the simplest dicarboxylic acid with the formula C₂H₂O₄. It is a strong acid and is found in many plants, such as rhubarb and spinach. Oxalic acid is used in bleaching and cleaning products.

Malonic Acid

Structure of malonic acid.

Malonic acid (C₃H₄O₄) is used in the synthesis of barbiturates and as a precursor in the production of vitamin B₁₂. It is also involved in the malonic ester synthesis, a method for preparing carboxylic acids.

Succinic Acid

Structure of succinic acid.

Succinic acid (C₄H₆O₄) is a key intermediate in the citric acid cycle, which is crucial for cellular respiration. It is also used in the production of polyesters and alkyd resins.

Glutaric Acid

Structure of glutaric acid.

Glutaric acid (C₅H₈O₄) is used in the manufacture of polymers and as a precursor to nylon. It is also involved in the metabolism of certain amino acids.

Adipic Acid

Structure of adipic acid.

Adipic acid (C₆H₁₀O₄) is primarily used in the production of nylon-6,6 and is one of the most important industrial dicarboxylic acids. It is also used as a food additive.

Pimelic Acid

Structure of pimelic acid.

Pimelic acid (C₇H₁₂O₄) is a precursor in the biosynthesis of lysine, an essential amino acid. It is also used in the synthesis of polyamides.

Suberic Acid

Structure of suberic acid.

Suberic acid (C₈H₁₄O₄) is used in the production of plasticizers and lubricants. It is also involved in the synthesis of polyesters.

1,4-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic Acid

Structure of 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid.

1,4-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid is used in the production of polyesters and resins. It is known for its ability to impart flexibility and durability to polymers.

Applications

Dicarboxylic acids are used in the production of polymers, resins, and plasticizers. They are also important in biochemical pathways, such as the citric acid cycle, and are used in the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.

Related Pages

• Carboxylic acid
• Citric acid cycle
• Polymer
• Nylon