Carbonyl group
Carbonyl Group
The Carbonyl Group (pronounced: /kɑːrˈboʊnɪl/) is a functional group in organic chemistry, composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O. It is common to several classes of organic compounds, as part of many larger functional groups.
Etymology
The term "carbonyl" is derived from the elements that make up the group: carbon (carbo-) and oxygen (-nyl). It was first used in the early 19th century by French chemist Jean-Baptiste Dumas and German chemist Justus von Liebig.
Structure and Bonding
In a carbonyl group, the carbon and oxygen atoms share a double bond. The carbon atom is sp2 hybridized, forming a trigonal planar geometry around the carbon. The oxygen atom is also sp2 hybridized. The double bond between the carbon and oxygen is polar, with the oxygen being more electronegative than the carbon, resulting in a partial negative charge on the oxygen and a partial positive charge on the carbon.
Properties
Carbonyl groups are polar due to the electronegativity difference between the oxygen and the carbon. Because of this polarity, carbonyl groups can participate in a variety of reactions, including nucleophilic addition reactions, and can form hydrogen bonds with water, making compounds with carbonyl groups more soluble in water than similar compounds without a carbonyl group.
Related Terms
- Ketone: A type of organic compound containing a carbonyl group bonded to two other carbon atoms.
- Aldehyde: A type of organic compound containing a carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen atom.
- Carboxylic Acid: A type of organic compound containing a carbonyl group bonded to a hydroxyl group.
- Amide: A type of organic compound containing a carbonyl group bonded to a nitrogen atom.
- Ester: A type of organic compound containing a carbonyl group bonded to an oxygen atom which is in turn bonded to another carbon atom.
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on Carbonyl group
- Wikipedia's article - Carbonyl group
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