CCL4

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CCL4 (Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4), also known as MIP-1β (Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1-beta), is a chemokine that is part of the C-C chemokine family. It plays a crucial role in the immune system by attracting immune cells to sites of inflammation and infection.

Structure

CCL4 is a small protein consisting of approximately 69 amino acids. It is characterized by the presence of two adjacent cysteine residues near its amino terminus, which is a defining feature of the C-C chemokine family.

Function

CCL4 is primarily involved in the recruitment of monocytes, macrophages, and T cells to sites of infection and inflammation. It binds to chemokine receptors such as CCR5 on the surface of target cells, triggering a cascade of intracellular signaling that results in cell migration.

Role in Disease

CCL4 has been implicated in various diseases and conditions, including HIV/AIDS, where it competes with the virus for binding to the CCR5 receptor, potentially inhibiting viral entry into cells. Elevated levels of CCL4 have also been observed in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

Clinical Significance

Due to its role in immune cell recruitment, CCL4 is a target for therapeutic interventions aimed at modulating immune responses. Inhibitors of CCL4 or its receptor CCR5 are being explored for their potential in treating HIV and other inflammatory conditions.

See Also

• Chemokine
• CCR5
• Immune system
• Inflammation
• HIV/AIDS