Amaranth (dye)

Synthetic azo dye used as a food coloring

Amaranth is a synthetic azo dye used primarily as a food coloring. It is known for its vibrant red hue and is commonly used in a variety of food products, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. The dye is also referred to by its E number, E123.

Chemical Properties

Ball-and-stick model of Amaranth dye

Amaranth is an azo dye, which means it contains the functional group R-N=N-R', where R and R' can be either aryl or alkyl. The chemical formula for Amaranth is C₂₀H₁₁N₂Na₃O₁₀S₃. It is a sodium salt of a sulfonated azo compound, which contributes to its solubility in water.

The dye is synthesized through a diazotization reaction, where an aromatic amine is treated with nitrous acid to form a diazonium salt, which is then coupled with another aromatic compound to form the azo dye.

Uses

Amaranth is widely used in the food industry to impart a red color to products such as jellies, beverages, confectionery, and canned fruit. It is also used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals for coloring purposes.

In the European Union, Amaranth is approved for use in food products, but its use is subject to strict regulations due to health concerns. In the United States, the dye is not approved for use in food but can be used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.

Health and Safety

The safety of Amaranth has been a subject of debate. Some studies have suggested potential health risks, leading to its ban in certain countries. The dye has been associated with allergic reactions and hyperactivity in children, although conclusive evidence is lacking.

In the EU, the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for Amaranth is set at 0.15 mg/kg body weight. Consumers are advised to be aware of the presence of this dye in food products, especially if they have known sensitivities.

Regulation

The use of Amaranth is regulated differently across the world. In the EU, it is permitted under specific conditions, while in the US, it is banned from food use. Other countries have their own regulations, reflecting varying levels of concern about its safety.

Related pages

• Azo compound
• Food coloring
• E number
• Synthetic dye