Hypovolemia

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Hypovolemia
File:Capillary microcirculation.svg
Synonyms	Volume depletion, oligemia
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Tachycardia, hypotension, pallor, dizziness, confusion, weakness
Complications	Hypovolemic shock, organ failure
Onset	Sudden or gradual
Duration	Variable, depending on cause and treatment
Types	N/A
Causes	Hemorrhage, dehydration, burns, vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic use
Risks	Trauma, surgery, gastrointestinal bleeding, sepsis
Diagnosis	Physical examination, blood test, urinalysis, imaging studies
Differential diagnosis	Dehydration, heart failure, sepsis, anemia
Prevention	Adequate hydration, managing underlying conditions
Treatment	Fluid replacement therapy, blood transfusion, medications
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Good with prompt treatment, but can be life-threatening if untreated
Frequency	Common in emergency department settings
Deaths	N/A

Hypovolemia, also known as volume depletion, is a state of decreased blood volume, specifically a reduction in the volume of blood plasma within the body. This condition can result in decreased oxygen delivery to organs and tissues and can lead to shock if left untreated.

Causes

• The most common causes of hypovolemia include:
• Acute blood loss, such as from trauma or surgery
• Dehydration from excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, or burns
• Overuse of diuretics
• Endocrine disorders like diabetes insipidus or adrenal insufficiency

Symptoms

• Common symptoms of hypovolemia vary based on the severity and may include:
• Increased heart rate
• Low blood pressure
• Dizziness or lightheadedness, particularly upon standing
• Decreased urine output
• Pale, cool, and clammy skin
• Dry mouth or excessive thirst
• Fatigue or weakness
• In severe cases, hypovolemia may progress to shock, a life-threatening condition.

Diagnosis

Hypovolemia is typically diagnosed based on physical examination, medical history, and presenting symptoms. Diagnostic tests may include blood tests, urinalysis, or imaging studies like ultrasound to evaluate blood flow and organ function.

Treatment

Treatment of hypovolemia generally involves replenishing the lost volume. This is usually achieved through intravenous (IV) fluid resuscitation using crystalloids or blood products as necessary. Additionally, the underlying cause of the volume loss must be addressed to prevent further depletion.

See Also

• Blood plasma
• Shock (circulatory)
• Dehydration
• Diabetes insipidus
• Adrenal insufficiency

References

• Marx, John A.; Hockberger, Robert S.; Walls, Ron M. (2014). Rosen's Emergency Medicine - Concepts and Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-1455706051.
• Doughty, Christine A. (2006). Acute Care Handbook for Physical Therapists. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-1416031970.
• Longo, D.L.; Fauci, A.S.; Kasper, D.L.; Hauser, S.L.; Jameson, J. L.; Loscalzo, J. (2012). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0071748896.

External Links

Hypovolemia - MedlinePlus Hypovolemic Shock - Mayo Clinic Hypovolemia - Medscape

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