Non-small-cell lung cancer

Cytology of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a type of lung cancer that includes several subtypes of epithelial lung cancers, excluding small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC accounts for approximately 85% of all lung cancer cases and is characterized by its relatively slower growth and spread compared to SCLC.

Subtypes

NSCLC is primarily divided into three main subtypes:

• Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common form of lung cancer in non-smokers and is often found in the outer regions of the lung. It originates in the glandular cells that secrete mucus and other substances.

• Squamous cell carcinoma: Often linked to smoking, this type originates in the squamous cells that line the airways. It is typically found in the central part of the lungs.

• Large cell carcinoma: This is a less common type that can appear in any part of the lung and tends to grow and spread more quickly than the other types.

Distribution of lung cancer types

Causes and Risk Factors

The primary risk factor for NSCLC is tobacco smoking, which is responsible for the majority of cases. Other risk factors include exposure to radon, asbestos, and other environmental pollutants. Genetic predispositions and family history also play a role in the development of NSCLC.

Symptoms

Symptoms of NSCLC can vary but often include a persistent cough, coughing up blood, chest pain, shortness of breath, and unexplained weight loss. As the disease progresses, symptoms may become more severe and include bone pain and neurological changes if the cancer spreads to other parts of the body.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of NSCLC typically involves imaging tests such as chest X-rays and CT scans, followed by a biopsy to confirm the type of cancer. Bronchoscopy and mediastinoscopy are also used to obtain tissue samples for histological examination.

Bronchoscopic view of a lung tumor

Treatment

Treatment options for NSCLC depend on the stage of the cancer and the overall health of the patient. Common treatments include:

• Surgery: Often used in early-stage NSCLC to remove the tumor and surrounding tissue.

• Radiation therapy: Used to target and kill cancer cells, often in combination with surgery or chemotherapy.

• Chemotherapy: Utilizes drugs to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing.

• Targeted therapy: Involves drugs that specifically target cancer cell growth mechanisms, such as EGFR inhibitors.

• Immunotherapy: Uses the body's immune system to fight cancer, including drugs like PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors.

PD-L1 positive lung adenocarcinoma

Prognosis

The prognosis for NSCLC varies widely depending on the stage at diagnosis and the patient's response to treatment. Early-stage NSCLC has a better prognosis, with higher survival rates, while advanced stages have a poorer outlook.

Survival rates with modern immunotherapy

Research and Developments

Ongoing research in NSCLC focuses on improving early detection methods, developing new targeted therapies, and enhancing the effectiveness of immunotherapy. Advances in genomic sequencing have led to personalized treatment approaches based on the genetic profile of the tumor.

Monoclonal antibodies used in NSCLC treatment

Related pages

• Lung cancer
• Small-cell lung cancer
• Oncology
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation therapy