Fumaric acid
Fumaric acid is a compound that is found in nature and is also produced synthetically. It is a key intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle for organic acid biosynthesis in humans and other mammals. Fumaric acid is also used in food and beverage products as a food acidulant.
Chemical Structure and Properties
Fumaric acid is a white crystalline compound and is one of two isomeric unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, the other being maleic acid. It has a fruit-like taste and has been used as a food acidulant since 1946. The chemical formula of fumaric acid is C4H4O4.
Natural Occurrence
Fumaric acid occurs naturally in fumitory, bolete mushrooms, lichen, and Iceland moss. Fungi, such as Aspergillus niger, produce fumaric acid naturally as well.
Industrial Production
Fumaric acid is produced industrially from maleic acid, which in turn is produced from maleic anhydride. Maleic anhydride is produced by the oxidation of benzene or butane.
Uses
Fumaric acid has several uses in various industries. In the food and beverage industry, it is used as a food acidulant. In the pharmaceutical industry, it is used to produce antibiotics and other drugs. In the chemical industry, it is used to manufacture polyester resins, alkyd resins, and as a starting material for the production of plasticizers.
Health Effects
Fumaric acid is generally considered safe for consumption. However, high levels of consumption can lead to gastrointestinal issues such as diarrhea, nausea, and stomach cramps.
See Also
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