Rotor syndrome

Rotor syndrome
Synonyms	Rotor type hyperbilirubinemia<ref name=omim>Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 237450 </ref>
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Rotor syndrome is a rare, relatively benign, autosomal recessive<ref name=rsar>,

 Rotor's syndrome. A distinct inheritable pathophysiologic entity, 
 The American Journal of Medicine, 
 
 Vol. 60(Issue: 2),
 pp. 173–179,
 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(76)90426-5,
 PMID: 766621,</ref> bilirubin disorder. It is a distinct yet similar disorder to Dubin–Johnson syndrome<ref name=omim/> – both diseases cause an increase in conjugated bilirubin.

Signs and symptoms

Rotor syndrome has many features in common with Dubin–Johnson syndrome, an exception being that the liver cells are not pigmented. The main symptom is a non-itching jaundice. There is a rise in bilirubin in the patient's serum, mainly of the conjugated type.

It can be differentiated from Dubin–Johnson syndrome in the following ways:<ref name="WyllieHyams">,

 Pediatric Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease E-Book. online version, 
  
 Elsevier Health Sciences, 
  
  
  
 ISBN 978-1-4377-3566-6, 
  
  
  
 Pages: 186–,</ref>

	Rotor syndrome	Dubin–Johnson syndrome
appearance of liver	normal histology and appearance	liver has black pigmentation
gallbladder visualization	gallbladder can be visualized by oral cholecystogram	gallbladder cannot be visualized
total urine coproporphyrin content	high with <70% being isomer 1	normal with >80% being isomer 1 (normal urine contains more of isomer 3 than isomer 1)

It has been suggested that Rotor syndrome may exacerbate toxic side effects of the medication irinotecan.<ref>Iusuf, D., Ludwig, M., Elbatsh, A., van Esch, A., van de Steeg, E., & Wagenaar, E. et al. (2013). OATP1A/1B Transporters Affect Irinotecan and SN-38 Pharmacokinetics and Carboxylesterase Expression in Knockout and Humanized Transgenic Mice. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 13(2), 492-503. https://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0541\</ref>

Genetics

Rotor syndrome has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.

Rotor syndrome is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.<ref name=rsar/> The SLCO1B1 and SLCO1B3 genes are involved in Rotor syndrome.<ref name="pmid22232210">,

 Complete OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 deficiency causes human Rotor syndrome by interrupting conjugated bilirubin reuptake into the liver, 
 The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 
 2012,
 Vol. 122(Issue: 2),
 pp. 519–28,
 DOI: 10.1172/JCI59526,
 PMID: 22232210,
 PMC: 3266790,</ref> Mutations in both genes are required for the condition to occur. The SLCO1B1 and SLCO1B3 genes provide instructions for making similar proteins, called organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1) and organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3), respectively. Both proteins are found in liver cells; they transport bilirubin and other compounds from the blood into the liver so that they can be cleared from the body. In the liver, bilirubin is dissolved in a digestive fluid called bile and then excreted from the body. The SLCO1B1 and SLCO1B3 gene mutations that cause Rotor syndrome lead to abnormally short, nonfunctional OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 proteins or an absence of these proteins. Without the function of either transport protein, bilirubin is less efficiently taken up by the liver and removed from the body. The buildup of this substance leads to jaundice in people with Rotor syndrome.<ref name="NIH">

Rotor Syndrome(link). NIH. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.

</ref>

Diagnosis

Increased conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is the hallmark for diagnosing Rotor syndrome. There is no distinct black pigmentation of the liver as seen in a similar, Dubin-Johnson Syndrome. Genes, SLCO1B1 and SLCO1B3 that result in complete functional deficiencies of both protein products (OATP1B1 and OATP1B3, respectively), are also present.

Treatment

To treat the jaundice, phenobarbital is normally used.

Eponym

Rotor syndrome is named after the Filipino internist Arturo Belleza Rotor (1907–1988).<ref>synd/2296 at Who Named It?</ref>

See also

• Jaundice
• Bilirubin metabolism
• Gilbert's syndrome
• Crigler–Najjar syndrome

External links

• Hyperbilirubinemia, Conjugated at eMedicine

• Rotor syndrome at NIH's Office of Rare Diseases

• Mentioned in MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Jaundice – yellow skin

Portions of content adapted from Wikipedia's article on Rotor syndrome which is released under the CC BY-SA 3.0.