Everyday life

Routine processes in humans daily and weekly cycle

 This article is about the concept of the person.
   For other uses, see Everyday Life.

Sleeping

Children reading books.

Grooming

Watching television

Everyday life, daily life or routine life comprises the ways in which people typically act, think, and feel on a daily basis. Everyday life may be described as mundane, routine, natural, habitual, or normal.

Human diurnality means most people sleep at least part of the night and are active in daytime. Most eat two or three meals in a day. Working time (apart from shift work) mostly involves a daily schedule, beginning in the morning. This produces the daily rush hours experienced by many millions, and the drive time focused on by radio broadcasters. Evening is often leisure time. Bathing every day is a custom for many.

Beyond these broad similarities, lifestyles vary and different people spend their days differently. Nomadic life differs from sedentism, and among the sedentary, urban people live differently from rural folk. Differences in the lives of the rich and the poor, or between factory workers and intellectuals, may go beyond their working hours. Many women spend their day in activities greatly different from those of men, and everywhere children do different things than adults.

Sociological perspectives

The Psychopathology of Everyday Life

Everyday life is a key concept in cultural studies and is a specialized subject in the field of sociology. Some argue that, motivated by capitalism and industrialism's degrading effects on human existence and perception, writers and artists of the 19th century turned more towards self-reflection and the portrayal of everyday life represented in their writings and art to a noticeably greater degree than in past works, for example Renaissance literature's interest in hagiography and politics.<ref name="felski">,

 The Invention of Everyday Life. online version, 
  
 London:Lawrence & Wishart, 
  
  
  
 ISBN 9780853159018, 
  
  
  
 Pages: 15–31,</ref>  Other theorists dispute this argument based on a long history of writings about daily life which can be seen in works from Ancient Greece, medieval Christianity and the Age of Enlightenment.<ref name="lefebvre">, 
  
 Everyday life in the modern world, 
  
 New Brunswick, N.J., U.S.A.:Transaction Books, 
  
  
  
 ISBN 978-0878559725,</ref><ref name="coser">, 
  
 The idea of social structure : papers in honor of Robert K. Merton, 
  
 New Brunswick, N.J.:Transaction Publishers, 
  
  
  
 ISBN 978-1412847414,</ref>

In the study of everyday life gender has been an important factor in its conceptions. Some theorists regard women as the quintessential representatives and victims of everyday life.<ref name="lefebvre"/>

The connotation of everyday life is often negative and is distinctively separated from exceptional moments by its lack of distinction and differentiation, ultimately defined as the essential, taken-for-granted continuum of mundane activity that outlines forays into more esoteric experiences. It is the non-negotiable reality that exists amongst all social groupings without discrimination and is an unavoidable basis for which all human endeavor exists.<ref name="felski" />

Much of everyday life is automatic in that it is driven by current environmental features as mediated by automatic cognitive processing of those features, and without any mediation by conscious choice, according to social psychologist John A. Bargh.<ref>Wyer/Bargh 1997, p. 2.</ref> Daily life is also studied by sociologists to investigate how it is organised and given meaning. A sociological journal called the Journal of Mundane Behavior, published 2000 - 2004, studied these everyday actions.

Leisure

Main article: Leisure

Daily entertainment once consisted mainly of telling stories in the evening. This custom developed into the theatre of ancient Greece and other professional entertainments. Reading later became less a mysterious specialty of scholars, and more a common pleasure for people who could afford books. During the 20th century mass media became prevalent in rich countries, creating among other things a daily prime time to consume fiction and other professionally produced works.

Different media forms serve different purposes in different individuals' everyday lives—which give people the opportunities to make choices about what media form(s)--watching television, using the Internet, listening to the radio, or reading newspapers or magazines—most effectively help them to accomplish their tasks.<ref name="Baym">Baym, N. (2010), ‘Making New Media Make Sense’ in Personal Connections in the Digital Age, Polity Press, Ch. 2.</ref> Many people have steadily increased their daily use of the Internet, over all other media forms. Fearing changes promoted by mass entertainment, social conservatives have long censored books and films, called television a vast wasteland, and predicted that social media and other Internet sites would distract people from good personal relationships or valuable interactions. These concerns did not prevent the progressively wider popularity of these innovations.

Language

People's everyday lives are shaped through language and communication. They choose what to do with their time based on opinions and ideals formed through the discourse they are exposed to.<ref>Roger Silverstone (1994), Television and Everyday Life, p. 18-19</ref> Much of the dialogue people are subject to comes from the mass media, which is an important factor in what shapes human experience.<ref>Marie Gillespie and Eugene McLaughlin (2008), Media and the Shaping of Public Attitudes, p. 8</ref> The media uses language to make an impact on one’s everyday life, whether that be as small as helping to decide where to eat or as big as choosing a representative in government.

To improve people's everyday life, Phaedra Pezzullo, professor in the Department of Communication and Culture at Indiana University Bloomington, says people should seek to understand the rhetoric that so often and unnoticeably changes their lives. She writes that “...rhetoric enables us to make connections... It's about understanding how we engage with the world.”<ref>Elizabeth Rosdeitcher (2006), "The Rhetoric of Everyday Life", Humanities, Then and Now 29, no. 1 (Fall).</ref>

Activities of daily living

Activities of daily living (ADL) is a term used in healthcare to refer to daily self care activities within an individual's place of residence, in outdoor environments, or both. Health professionals routinely refer to the ability or inability to perform ADLs as a measurement of the functional status of a person, particularly in regard to people with disabilities and the elderly.<ref name=EN>"Activities of Daily Living Evaluation." Encyclopedia of Nursing & Allied Health. ed. Kristine Krapp. Gale Group, Inc., 2002. eNotes.com. 2006.Enotes Nursing Encyclopedia Accessed on: 11 October 2007</ref> ADLs are defined as "the things we normally do...such as feeding ourselves, bathing, dressing, grooming, work, homemaking, and leisure."<ref name =MN>MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary</ref> The ability and the extent to which the elderly can perform these activities is at the focus of gerontology and understandings of later life.<ref>Katz, Stephen. Busy bodies: Activities, aging, and the management of everyday life. - Journal of aging studies, Elsevier, 2000. p. 136.</ref> In an 'active society' which sees mobility as an important norm, constant physical activity has replaced the striving towards personal growth in later life.<ref>Katz, Stephen. Busy bodies: Activities, aging, and the management of everyday life. - Journal of aging studies, Elsevier, 2000. p. 148.</ref>

See also

• Being in the World
• Existentiell
• Genre art
• Genre painting
• Homelessness
• Lifestyle (sociology)
• Lifeworld
• Personal life
• Realism (arts)
• Shibui
• Simple living
• Technics and Time, 1
• Technology and the Character of Contemporary Life
• The Practice of Everyday Life
• The Revolution of Everyday Life

Bibliography

• Wyer, Robert S.; Bargh, John A. (1997). The Automaticity of Everyday life. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0805816992

Further reading

• Sigmund Freud (1901), The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, [1]
• Henri Lefebvre (1947), Critique of Everyday Life
• Raoul Vaneigem (1967), The Revolution of Everyday Life
• Michel de Certeau (1974), The Practice of Everyday Life
• Shotter, John (1993), Cultural politics of everyday life: Social constructionism, rhetoric and knowing of the third kind.[2]
• The Everyday Life Reader (2001) edited by Ben Highmore. ISBN 0-415-23025-X
• Erving Goffman (2002), The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, in CONTEMPORARY SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY. [3]
• Kristine Hughes, The Writer's Guide to Everyday Life in Regency and Victorian England from 1811-1901 [4]
• Candy Moulton, Everyday Life Among the American Indians 1800 to 1900. ISBN 0-89879-996-1 ISBN 1582974713
• Ágnes Heller, Everyday Life . ISBN 978-0-7100-9701-9

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