Intellectual

Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning disability and mental retardation (MR), is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning. It is defined by an IQ under 70, in addition to deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors that affect everyday, general living.

Definition

Intellectual disability is a type of developmental disability that is significantly characterized by its effect on cognitive functioning and deficits in adaptive behaviors. The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) and the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) have each proposed their definitions of intellectual disability.

Causes

Intellectual disability can result from any condition that impairs development of the brain before birth, during birth or in the childhood years. Several hundred causes have been discovered, but the cause is still unknown for one-third to one-half of cases. The most common syndromic causes are Down syndrome, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), and Fragile X syndrome.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is made by clinical assessment and standardized testing of intelligence and adaptive behavior. Other tests may be used to determine whether a physical condition is causing the intellectual disability.

Treatment

There is no cure for intellectual disability, but educational and skills training, medication, and counseling can help improve functioning and quality of life.

See also

• Developmental disability
• Mental health
• Special education

References

• Socrates
  Socrates
• Erasmus by Holbein
  Erasmus by Holbein
• J'accuse
  J'accuse
• Edwards Amasa Park
  Edwards Amasa Park
• Milton Friedman
  Milton Friedman