Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox medical condition | |||
| name = Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis | |||
| image = [[File:Extensively_Drug-Resistant_Tuberculosis_(XDR_TB)_Diminishing_Options_for_Treatment_(5102295715).jpg|250px]] | |||
| caption = XDR-TB diminishes treatment options | |||
| field = [[Infectious disease]] | |||
| synonyms = XDR-TB | |||
| symptoms = [[Cough]], [[fever]], [[weight loss]], [[night sweats]] | |||
| complications = [[Respiratory failure]], [[death]] | |||
| onset = Gradual | |||
| duration = Chronic | |||
| causes = [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]] resistant to [[isoniazid]], [[rifampicin]], any [[fluoroquinolone]], and at least one of the three second-line injectable drugs (amikacin, kanamycin, or capreomycin) | |||
| risks = [[HIV/AIDS]], previous [[tuberculosis]] treatment, contact with XDR-TB patients | |||
| diagnosis = [[Sputum culture]], [[drug susceptibility testing]] | |||
| differential = [[Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis]], [[tuberculosis]] | |||
| prevention = [[Infection control]], [[vaccination]], [[contact tracing]] | |||
| treatment = [[Second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs]], [[bedaquiline]], [[linezolid]] | |||
| prognosis = Poorer than [[multidrug-resistant tuberculosis]] | |||
| frequency = Rare compared to [[tuberculosis]] | |||
| deaths = High mortality rate | |||
}} | |||
'''Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis''' ('''XDR-TB''') is a form of [[tuberculosis]] that is resistant to at least four of the core [[anti-TB drugs]]. XDR-TB arises when [[drug-resistant TB]] does not receive proper treatment, leading to further resistance. | '''Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis''' ('''XDR-TB''') is a form of [[tuberculosis]] that is resistant to at least four of the core [[anti-TB drugs]]. XDR-TB arises when [[drug-resistant TB]] does not receive proper treatment, leading to further resistance. | ||
==Definition== | ==Definition== | ||
The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) defines XDR-TB as TB that is resistant to [[isoniazid]] and [[rifampicin]], the two most powerful anti-TB drugs, as well as any fluoroquinolone and at least one of three injectable second-line drugs (i.e., amikacin, kanamycin, or capreomycin). | The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) defines XDR-TB as TB that is resistant to [[isoniazid]] and [[rifampicin]], the two most powerful anti-TB drugs, as well as any fluoroquinolone and at least one of three injectable second-line drugs (i.e., amikacin, kanamycin, or capreomycin). | ||
==Epidemiology== | ==Epidemiology== | ||
XDR-TB has been identified in 117 countries worldwide. The highest rates are found in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. In 2019, there were an estimated 484,000 new cases of [[multidrug-resistant TB]] (MDR-TB) and XDR-TB. | XDR-TB has been identified in 117 countries worldwide. The highest rates are found in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. In 2019, there were an estimated 484,000 new cases of [[multidrug-resistant TB]] (MDR-TB) and XDR-TB. | ||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
Treatment for XDR-TB is lengthy, expensive, and has many side effects. The drugs used are not as effective as the first-line drugs for TB, and patients often need to take them for up to two years. In addition, patients often need extensive support and monitoring to help them adhere to treatment. | Treatment for XDR-TB is lengthy, expensive, and has many side effects. The drugs used are not as effective as the first-line drugs for TB, and patients often need to take them for up to two years. In addition, patients often need extensive support and monitoring to help them adhere to treatment. | ||
==Prevention== | ==Prevention== | ||
Preventing the spread of XDR-TB involves improving the detection and treatment of drug-resistant TB. This includes strengthening TB control programs, ensuring access to quality-assured TB drugs, and improving infection control in healthcare settings. | Preventing the spread of XDR-TB involves improving the detection and treatment of drug-resistant TB. This includes strengthening TB control programs, ensuring access to quality-assured TB drugs, and improving infection control in healthcare settings. | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [[Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis]] | * [[Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis]] | ||
* [[Tuberculosis management]] | * [[Tuberculosis management]] | ||
* [[Tuberculosis treatment]] | * [[Tuberculosis treatment]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
[[Category:Tuberculosis]] | [[Category:Tuberculosis]] | ||
[[Category:Drug resistance]] | [[Category:Drug resistance]] | ||
[[Category:Infectious diseases]] | [[Category:Infectious diseases]] | ||
{{Infectious-disease-stub}} | {{Infectious-disease-stub}} | ||
Latest revision as of 16:23, 6 April 2025
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| Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis | |
|---|---|
_Diminishing_Options_for_Treatment_(5102295715).jpg)
| |
| Synonyms | XDR-TB |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | N/A |
| Symptoms | Cough, fever, weight loss, night sweats |
| Complications | Respiratory failure, death |
| Onset | Gradual |
| Duration | Chronic |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin, any fluoroquinolone, and at least one of the three second-line injectable drugs (amikacin, kanamycin, or capreomycin) |
| Risks | HIV/AIDS, previous tuberculosis treatment, contact with XDR-TB patients |
| Diagnosis | Sputum culture, drug susceptibility testing |
| Differential diagnosis | Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, tuberculosis |
| Prevention | Infection control, vaccination, contact tracing |
| Treatment | Second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs, bedaquiline, linezolid |
| Medication | N/A |
| Prognosis | Poorer than multidrug-resistant tuberculosis |
| Frequency | Rare compared to tuberculosis |
| Deaths | High mortality rate |
Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) is a form of tuberculosis that is resistant to at least four of the core anti-TB drugs. XDR-TB arises when drug-resistant TB does not receive proper treatment, leading to further resistance.
Definition[edit]
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines XDR-TB as TB that is resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin, the two most powerful anti-TB drugs, as well as any fluoroquinolone and at least one of three injectable second-line drugs (i.e., amikacin, kanamycin, or capreomycin).
Epidemiology[edit]
XDR-TB has been identified in 117 countries worldwide. The highest rates are found in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. In 2019, there were an estimated 484,000 new cases of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and XDR-TB.
Treatment[edit]
Treatment for XDR-TB is lengthy, expensive, and has many side effects. The drugs used are not as effective as the first-line drugs for TB, and patients often need to take them for up to two years. In addition, patients often need extensive support and monitoring to help them adhere to treatment.
Prevention[edit]
Preventing the spread of XDR-TB involves improving the detection and treatment of drug-resistant TB. This includes strengthening TB control programs, ensuring access to quality-assured TB drugs, and improving infection control in healthcare settings.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
<references />
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