Sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox medical condition | |||
| name = Sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome | |||
| synonyms = Sulfonamide allergy, Sulfa allergy | |||
| field = [[Allergy and immunology]] | |||
| symptoms = [[Fever]], [[rash]], [[arthralgia]], [[myalgia]], [[hepatitis]], [[nephritis]], [[hematologic abnormalities]] | |||
| complications = [[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]], [[toxic epidermal necrolysis]], [[anaphylaxis]] | |||
| onset = Typically within 1 to 2 weeks of exposure | |||
| duration = Variable, depending on severity and management | |||
| causes = [[Hypersensitivity]] to [[sulfonamide]] medications | |||
| risks = Previous reaction to sulfonamides, [[HIV]] infection, [[genetic predisposition]] | |||
| diagnosis = Clinical evaluation, [[allergy testing]] | |||
| differential = [[Drug eruption]], [[viral exanthem]], [[autoimmune disease]] | |||
| prevention = Avoidance of sulfonamide drugs | |||
| treatment = Discontinuation of the offending drug, [[antihistamines]], [[corticosteroids]] | |||
| medication = [[Antihistamines]], [[corticosteroids]] | |||
| prognosis = Generally good with prompt treatment, but severe cases can be life-threatening | |||
| frequency = Varies, more common in certain populations | |||
}} | |||
'''Sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome''' | '''Sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome''' | ||
'''Sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome''' is an adverse reaction to [[sulfonamide]] antibiotics, which are a group of medicines that include [[sulfamethoxazole]], [[sulfadiazine]], and [[sulfisoxazole]]. This syndrome is characterized by a variety of symptoms that can range from mild to severe and can affect multiple organ systems. | '''Sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome''' is an adverse reaction to [[sulfonamide]] antibiotics, which are a group of medicines that include [[sulfamethoxazole]], [[sulfadiazine]], and [[sulfisoxazole]]. This syndrome is characterized by a variety of symptoms that can range from mild to severe and can affect multiple organ systems. | ||
== Symptoms == | == Symptoms == | ||
The symptoms of sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome can include: | The symptoms of sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome can include: | ||
| Line 12: | Line 29: | ||
* [[Arthralgia]] | * [[Arthralgia]] | ||
* [[Myalgia]] | * [[Myalgia]] | ||
== Pathophysiology == | == Pathophysiology == | ||
The exact mechanism of sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome is not fully understood. It is believed to be an [[immune-mediated]] reaction, possibly involving both [[Type I hypersensitivity]] and [[Type IV hypersensitivity]] mechanisms. Genetic factors, such as certain [[HLA]] alleles, may predispose individuals to this syndrome. | The exact mechanism of sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome is not fully understood. It is believed to be an [[immune-mediated]] reaction, possibly involving both [[Type I hypersensitivity]] and [[Type IV hypersensitivity]] mechanisms. Genetic factors, such as certain [[HLA]] alleles, may predispose individuals to this syndrome. | ||
== Diagnosis == | == Diagnosis == | ||
Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on the history of exposure to sulfonamide antibiotics and the presence of characteristic symptoms. Laboratory tests may show elevated [[liver enzymes]], [[eosinophilia]], and other signs of systemic involvement. [[Skin testing]] and [[drug provocation tests]] are generally not recommended due to the risk of severe reactions. | Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on the history of exposure to sulfonamide antibiotics and the presence of characteristic symptoms. Laboratory tests may show elevated [[liver enzymes]], [[eosinophilia]], and other signs of systemic involvement. [[Skin testing]] and [[drug provocation tests]] are generally not recommended due to the risk of severe reactions. | ||
== Management == | == Management == | ||
The primary treatment for sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome is the immediate discontinuation of the offending drug. Supportive care, including [[antihistamines]], [[corticosteroids]], and [[intravenous fluids]], may be necessary depending on the severity of the symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization may be required. | The primary treatment for sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome is the immediate discontinuation of the offending drug. Supportive care, including [[antihistamines]], [[corticosteroids]], and [[intravenous fluids]], may be necessary depending on the severity of the symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization may be required. | ||
== Prevention == | == Prevention == | ||
Patients with a known history of sulfonamide hypersensitivity should avoid all sulfonamide antibiotics. It is also important to inform healthcare providers of this allergy to prevent inadvertent administration of these drugs. | Patients with a known history of sulfonamide hypersensitivity should avoid all sulfonamide antibiotics. It is also important to inform healthcare providers of this allergy to prevent inadvertent administration of these drugs. | ||
== Related Pages == | == Related Pages == | ||
* [[Hypersensitivity]] | * [[Hypersensitivity]] | ||
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* [[Antibiotics]] | * [[Antibiotics]] | ||
* [[Adverse drug reaction]] | * [[Adverse drug reaction]] | ||
[[Category:Allergology]] | [[Category:Allergology]] | ||
[[Category:Immunology]] | [[Category:Immunology]] | ||
[[Category:Pharmacology]] | [[Category:Pharmacology]] | ||
[[Category:Medical conditions]] | [[Category:Medical conditions]] | ||
{{Allergy-stub}} | {{Allergy-stub}} | ||
{{No image}} | {{No image}} | ||
Latest revision as of 00:00, 4 April 2025
| Sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome | |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | Sulfonamide allergy, Sulfa allergy |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | N/A |
| Symptoms | Fever, rash, arthralgia, myalgia, hepatitis, nephritis, hematologic abnormalities |
| Complications | Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, anaphylaxis |
| Onset | Typically within 1 to 2 weeks of exposure |
| Duration | Variable, depending on severity and management |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Hypersensitivity to sulfonamide medications |
| Risks | Previous reaction to sulfonamides, HIV infection, genetic predisposition |
| Diagnosis | Clinical evaluation, allergy testing |
| Differential diagnosis | Drug eruption, viral exanthem, autoimmune disease |
| Prevention | Avoidance of sulfonamide drugs |
| Treatment | Discontinuation of the offending drug, antihistamines, corticosteroids |
| Medication | Antihistamines, corticosteroids |
| Prognosis | Generally good with prompt treatment, but severe cases can be life-threatening |
| Frequency | Varies, more common in certain populations |
| Deaths | N/A |
Sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome
Sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome is an adverse reaction to sulfonamide antibiotics, which are a group of medicines that include sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, and sulfisoxazole. This syndrome is characterized by a variety of symptoms that can range from mild to severe and can affect multiple organ systems.
Symptoms[edit]
The symptoms of sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome can include:
Pathophysiology[edit]
The exact mechanism of sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome is not fully understood. It is believed to be an immune-mediated reaction, possibly involving both Type I hypersensitivity and Type IV hypersensitivity mechanisms. Genetic factors, such as certain HLA alleles, may predispose individuals to this syndrome.
Diagnosis[edit]
Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on the history of exposure to sulfonamide antibiotics and the presence of characteristic symptoms. Laboratory tests may show elevated liver enzymes, eosinophilia, and other signs of systemic involvement. Skin testing and drug provocation tests are generally not recommended due to the risk of severe reactions.
Management[edit]
The primary treatment for sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome is the immediate discontinuation of the offending drug. Supportive care, including antihistamines, corticosteroids, and intravenous fluids, may be necessary depending on the severity of the symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization may be required.
Prevention[edit]
Patients with a known history of sulfonamide hypersensitivity should avoid all sulfonamide antibiotics. It is also important to inform healthcare providers of this allergy to prevent inadvertent administration of these drugs.
Related Pages[edit]
