Developmental coordination disorder: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox medical condition (new)
{{Infobox medical condition
| name            = Developmental coordination disorder
| name            = Developmental coordination disorder
| synonyms        = Developmental motor coordination disorder, developmental dyspraxia
| synonyms        = Developmental motor coordination disorder, developmental dyspraxia
| field          = [[Psychiatry]], [[neurology]]
| field          = [[Psychiatry]], [[Neurology]]
| symptoms        = Motor skills deficit
| symptoms        = Deficits in motor coordination, clumsiness, difficulty with fine and gross motor tasks
| complications  =  
| complications  = [[Low self-esteem]], [[anxiety]], [[academic difficulties]], [[social isolation]]
| onset          =  
| onset          = Early childhood
| duration        =  
| duration        = Lifelong
| types          =  
| types          = Dyspraxia, developmental verbal dyspraxia
| causes          =  
| causes          = Unknown (likely multifactorial: genetic and environmental)
| risks          =  
| risks          = [[Premature birth]], [[low birth weight]], family history of developmental disorders
| diagnosis      = Motor impairments due to another medical condition, [[autism spectrum disorder]], [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]], joint hypermobility syndrome<ref name="DSM-5DCD"/>
| diagnosis      = [[Clinical evaluation]], [[movement assessment battery for children]], [[DSM-5]] criteria
| prevention      =  
| differential    = [[Cerebral palsy]], [[autism spectrum disorder]], [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]], [[joint hypermobility syndrome]]
| treatment      =  
| prevention      = None known
| medication      =  
| treatment      = [[Occupational therapy]], [[physiotherapy]], [[speech therapy]], [[psychological counseling]]
| prognosis      =  
| medication      = Not typically used
| frequency      = 5%–6% (in children ages 5–11 years)<ref name="DSM-5DCD">{{cite book |author=American Psychiatric Association |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) |year=2013 |pages=74–77 |location=Arlington, VA |publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing |isbn=978-0-89042-559-6 |doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 }}</ref>
| prognosis      = Varies; can improve with intervention and therapy
| frequency      = 5%–6% in children aged 5–11
}}
}}


[[File:Dyspraxie - TDC en images (Trouble du développement des coordinations).jpg|500px|Dyspraxie - TDC en images (Trouble du développement des coordinations)]]
[[File:Dyspraxie - TDC en images (Trouble du développement des coordinations).jpg|500px|thumb|Illustration of developmental coordination disorder (TDC/dyspraxia)]]


Developmental coordination disorder (DCD), also known as developmental motor coordination disorder, developmental dyspraxia, or simply dyspraxia, is a chronic neurological disorder that begins in childhood. DCD affects the planning of movements and coordination due to inaccurate transmission of brain messages to the body. Impairments in skilled motor movements that interfere with daily living activities can be diagnosed as DCD in the absence of other neurological impairments such as cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, or Parkinson's disease.
'''Developmental coordination disorder''' ('''DCD'''), also referred to as '''developmental dyspraxia''' or '''developmental motor coordination disorder''', is a [[neurodevelopmental disorder]] characterized by chronic impairment in motor skill development and coordination. These deficits interfere with daily functioning and are not attributable to other neurological conditions such as [[cerebral palsy]] or [[muscular dystrophy]].
 
According to CanChild in Canada, DCD affects 5 to 6 percent of school-aged children. However, the disorder can progress into adulthood, making it a lifelong condition.
 
== '''Signs and Symptoms''' ==
 
Various areas of development can be affected by DCD, and these persist into adulthood, as there is no cure for the disorder. Individuals often develop coping strategies that can be enhanced through occupational therapy, psychomotor therapy, physiotherapy, speech therapy, or psychological training.
 
In addition to physical impairments, DCD is associated with memory problems, especially working memory. This can result in difficulty remembering instructions, organizing time, remembering deadlines, losing items, or completing tasks that require remembering multiple steps in sequence. Dyspraxic individuals often have excellent long-term memories despite poor short-term memory. Many benefit from working in structured environments, as repeating routines minimizes difficulties with time management and allows them to commit procedures to long-term memory.
 
People with DCD sometimes have difficulty moderating sensory information, which can lead to sensory overload and panic attacks. Moderate to extreme difficulty performing physical tasks is experienced by some, and fatigue is common due to the energy expended in executing movements correctly. Some individuals with DCD also suffer from hypotonia or low muscle tone, which can affect balance.


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=== '''Gross Motor Control''' ===
== '''Signs and Symptoms''' ==
Children and adults with DCD often display difficulties in both fine and gross motor skills, which may affect:
* Self-care (e.g. dressing, using utensils)
* Academic activities (e.g. handwriting, using scissors)
* Recreational tasks (e.g. riding a bicycle, participating in sports)


Gross motor control involves the coordination of large muscle groups and whole body movements. Individuals with DCD may have difficulties with balance, posture, and coordination, impacting their ability to perform tasks such as walking, running, or jumping.
=== Gross Motor Difficulties ===
* Trouble with balance and coordination
* Frequent tripping, falling, or bumping into objects
* Poor posture and difficulty in physical education classes


=== '''Fine Motor Control''' ===
=== Fine Motor Difficulties ===
* Difficulty tying shoelaces, fastening buttons, or zipping jackets
* Poor handwriting (dysgraphia)
* Challenges with arts and crafts or using tools


Fine motor control involves the coordination of small muscle groups and precise movements, often involving the hands and fingers. Individuals with DCD may struggle with tasks that require fine motor skills, such as writing, buttoning clothing, or using utensils.
=== Associated Features ===
* [[Working memory]] deficits
* Sensory processing issues
* [[Fatigue]] due to increased effort needed for motor tasks
* Emotional and social challenges due to frustration and peer comparison


=== '''Developmental Verbal Dyspraxia''' ===
== '''Associated Conditions''' ==
 
DCD often co-occurs with:
Developmental verbal dyspraxia is a specific type of DCD that affects speech production. Individuals with this condition have difficulty planning and coordinating the muscle movements required for clear speech.
* [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD)
 
* [[Autism spectrum disorder]] (ASD)
=== '''Associated Disorders and Secondary Consequences''' ===
* [[Specific language impairment]] (SLI)
 
* [[Sensory processing disorder]] (SPD)
==== Sensory Processing Disorder ====
* [[Learning disabilities]]
 
Sensory processing disorder (SPD) is a condition in which the brain has difficulty processing sensory information. Some individuals with DCD also experience SPD, which can lead to difficulties in modulating sensory input and increased sensitivity to sensory stimuli.
 
==== Specific Language Impairment ====
 
Specific language impairment (SLI) is a language disorder that affects comprehension and expression. Some individuals with DCD also have SLI, which can exacerbate communication difficulties.
 
==== Psychological and Social Consequences ====
 
Individuals with DCD may experience psychological and social consequences, such as low self-esteem, anxiety, and difficulty forming and maintaining relationships. These challenges can stem from struggles with coordination and communication, as well as the impact of negative perceptions and misunderstandings by others.


== '''Diagnosis''' ==
== '''Diagnosis''' ==
Diagnosis is typically made by a multidisciplinary team and includes:
* Medical history and parental interviews
* Standardized motor assessments (e.g., Movement Assessment Battery for Children - MABC)
* Exclusion of other neurological or muscular conditions
* Observational reports from caregivers or teachers


Diagnosis of DCD typically involves a comprehensive assessment by a multidisciplinary team, including a pediatrician, psychologist, occupational therapist, and physiotherapist. The assessment process may involve gathering information about the individual's medical history, observing motor skills and coordination, and evaluating cognitive and emotional functioning. The diagnosis of DCD is made when an individual's motor coordination difficulties significantly impact daily functioning and are not better explained by another neurological or physical condition.
DCD is listed in the ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders'' ([[DSM-5]]) and is categorized under "Motor Disorders."


=== '''Classification''' ===
== '''Management and Treatment''' ==
There is no cure for DCD, but early intervention can significantly improve function.


DCD is classified as a neurodevelopmental disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). The International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11), classifies DCD under the category of developmental motor coordination disorders.
=== Therapeutic Approaches ===
* '''Occupational therapy''' – to improve daily life skills and functional independence
* '''Physiotherapy''' – to develop core strength and coordination
* '''Speech therapy''' – for those with coexisting developmental verbal dyspraxia
* '''Cognitive-behavioral therapy''' – to address anxiety or low self-esteem
* Educational accommodations and support plans (e.g., IEPs in schools)


== '''Management''' ==
== '''Prognosis''' ==
DCD is a lifelong condition. While symptoms may improve with therapy, many children continue to experience challenges into adolescence and adulthood. With support, individuals can lead productive lives, particularly when strategies are implemented to assist with daily activities and learning.


Management of DCD typically involves a combination of interventions tailored to the individual's specific needs. These may include:
* Occupational therapy: This therapy focuses on helping individuals develop and improve skills needed for daily living, such as fine motor skills, self-care, and organizational skills.
* Physiotherapy: This treatment aims to improve gross motor skills, balance, and coordination through targeted exercises and activities.
* Speech therapy: For individuals with developmental verbal dyspraxia, speech therapy can help improve speech production and communication skills.
* Psychological support: Counseling or therapy can help individuals with DCD address emotional and social challenges associated with the disorder.
== '''Epidemiology''' ==
== '''Epidemiology''' ==
 
* Affects an estimated 5%–6% of school-aged children
DCD is estimated to affect approximately 5 to 6 percent of school-aged children. The disorder is more common in males than in females, with a ratio of approximately 2:1. DCD can persist into adulthood, and research suggests that many adults with the disorder continue to experience motor coordination difficulties and related challenges.
* More commonly diagnosed in boys than girls (approximate ratio 2:1)
 
* Often persists into adulthood, though severity and manifestations may change
== '''History''' ==
 
DCD was first described in the medical literature in the early 20th century, although it was not until the 1970s and 1980s that research on the disorder began to gain momentum. Early studies focused on the characteristics, causes, and consequences of DCD, while more recent research has expanded to include the evaluation of interventions and the development of diagnostic criteria.
 
== '''Society''' ==
 
Increased awareness of DCD has led to greater recognition of the disorder and its impact on individuals and their families. Advocacy organizations, such as the Dyspraxia Foundation and the DCD Association, provide support, resources, and information to individuals with DCD and their families, as well as to professionals working in the field. Public figures, such as actor Daniel Radcliffe, have also helped raise awareness of DCD by openly discussing their experiences with the disorder.
 
== '''Notable Cases''' ==
 
Daniel Radcliffe, the actor best known for playing Harry Potter in the film series, has spoken publicly about his experiences with DCD and how it has affected his life.


== '''See Also''' ==
== '''See Also''' ==
 
* [[Dyspraxia]]
* Dyspraxia
* [[Sensory processing disorder]]
* Sensory Processing Disorder
* [[Motor skill disorder]]
* Specific Language Impairment
* [[Learning disability]]
 
* [[Specific developmental disorders]]
== '''External Links''' ==
{{nt}}
 
* [https://dyspraxiafoundation.org.uk/ Dyspraxia Foundation]  
* [https://www.canchild.ca/en/diagnoses/developmental-coordination-disorder CanChild - Developmental Coordination Disorder]
{{Medical resources
|  DiseasesDB    = 31600
|  ICD10          = {{ICD10|F|82||f|80}}
|  ICD9          = {{ICD9|315.4}}
|  ICDO          =
|  OMIM          =
|  MedlinePlus    =
|  eMedicineSubj  =
|  eMedicineTopic =
|  MeshID        = D019957
}}
{{stub}}
{{Dyslexia and specific developmental disorders}}
{{Dyslexia and specific developmental disorders}}
[[Category:Neurodevelopmental disorders]]
[[Category:Motor control]]
[[Category:Motor control]]
[[Category:Neurological disorders]]
[[Category:Learning disabilities]]
[[Category:Neurological disorders in children]]
[[Category:Neurological disorders in children]]
[[Category:Neurodevelopmental disorders]]
[[Category:Special education]]
[[Category:Special education]]
[[Category:Specific developmental disorders]]
[[Category:Coordination disorders]]

Latest revision as of 04:12, 30 March 2025

Developmental coordination disorder
Synonyms Developmental motor coordination disorder, developmental dyspraxia
Pronounce N/A
Specialty N/A
Symptoms Deficits in motor coordination, clumsiness, difficulty with fine and gross motor tasks
Complications Low self-esteem, anxiety, academic difficulties, social isolation
Onset Early childhood
Duration Lifelong
Types Dyspraxia, developmental verbal dyspraxia
Causes Unknown (likely multifactorial: genetic and environmental)
Risks Premature birth, low birth weight, family history of developmental disorders
Diagnosis Clinical evaluation, movement assessment battery for children, DSM-5 criteria
Differential diagnosis Cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, joint hypermobility syndrome
Prevention None known
Treatment Occupational therapy, physiotherapy, speech therapy, psychological counseling
Medication Not typically used
Prognosis Varies; can improve with intervention and therapy
Frequency 5%–6% in children aged 5–11
Deaths N/A


Illustration of developmental coordination disorder (TDC/dyspraxia)

Developmental coordination disorder (DCD), also referred to as developmental dyspraxia or developmental motor coordination disorder, is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by chronic impairment in motor skill development and coordination. These deficits interfere with daily functioning and are not attributable to other neurological conditions such as cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy.

Signs and Symptoms[edit]

Children and adults with DCD often display difficulties in both fine and gross motor skills, which may affect:

  • Self-care (e.g. dressing, using utensils)
  • Academic activities (e.g. handwriting, using scissors)
  • Recreational tasks (e.g. riding a bicycle, participating in sports)

Gross Motor Difficulties[edit]

  • Trouble with balance and coordination
  • Frequent tripping, falling, or bumping into objects
  • Poor posture and difficulty in physical education classes

Fine Motor Difficulties[edit]

  • Difficulty tying shoelaces, fastening buttons, or zipping jackets
  • Poor handwriting (dysgraphia)
  • Challenges with arts and crafts or using tools

Associated Features[edit]

  • Working memory deficits
  • Sensory processing issues
  • Fatigue due to increased effort needed for motor tasks
  • Emotional and social challenges due to frustration and peer comparison

Associated Conditions[edit]

DCD often co-occurs with:

Diagnosis[edit]

Diagnosis is typically made by a multidisciplinary team and includes:

  • Medical history and parental interviews
  • Standardized motor assessments (e.g., Movement Assessment Battery for Children - MABC)
  • Exclusion of other neurological or muscular conditions
  • Observational reports from caregivers or teachers

DCD is listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and is categorized under "Motor Disorders."

Management and Treatment[edit]

There is no cure for DCD, but early intervention can significantly improve function.

Therapeutic Approaches[edit]

  • Occupational therapy – to improve daily life skills and functional independence
  • Physiotherapy – to develop core strength and coordination
  • Speech therapy – for those with coexisting developmental verbal dyspraxia
  • Cognitive-behavioral therapy – to address anxiety or low self-esteem
  • Educational accommodations and support plans (e.g., IEPs in schools)

Prognosis[edit]

DCD is a lifelong condition. While symptoms may improve with therapy, many children continue to experience challenges into adolescence and adulthood. With support, individuals can lead productive lives, particularly when strategies are implemented to assist with daily activities and learning.

Epidemiology[edit]

  • Affects an estimated 5%–6% of school-aged children
  • More commonly diagnosed in boys than girls (approximate ratio 2:1)
  • Often persists into adulthood, though severity and manifestations may change

See Also[edit]


Dyslexia and related specific developmental disorders
Conditions
Related topics
Lists
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