Hematocolpos: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox medical condition (new)
{{Short description|Accumulation of menstrual blood in the vagina}}
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'''Hematocolpos''' is a medical condition in which the [[vagina]] fills with [[menstrual blood]]. It is often caused by the combination of [[menstruation]] with an [[imperforate hymen]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kloss|first=Brian T.|author2=Nacca, Nicholas E.|author3=Cantor, Richard M.|title=Hematocolpos secondary to imperforate hymen|journal=International Journal of Emergency Medicine|date=6 May 2010|volume=3|issue=4|pages=481–482|doi=10.1007/s12245-010-0171-2|pmid=21373333|pmc=3047835}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=TOMPKINS|first=PENDLETON|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association|date=2 September 1939|volume=113|issue=10|pages=913–916|doi=10.1001/jama.1939.02800350023007|title=The Treatment of Imperforate Hymen with Hematocolpos}}</ref> It is sometimes seen in [[Robinow syndrome]], [[uterus didelphys]], or other [[vaginal anomalies]].


A related disorder is [[hematometra]], where the [[uterus]] fills with menstrual blood.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-n2ee5HlykMC&pg=PA287#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Netter's Obstetrics and Gynecology|last=Smith|first=Roger Perry|date=2008-01-01|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1416056829|language=en}}</ref> It presents after [[puberty]] as primary [[Amenorrhea|amenorrhoea]], recurrent pelvic pain with a pelvic mass. This can be caused by a congenital [[stenosis]] of the [[cervix]], or by a complication of a surgical treatment.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Verma|first=SK|author2=Baltarowich, OH|author3=Lev-Toaff, AS|author4=Mitchell, DG|author5=Verma, M|author6=Batzer, F|title=Hematocolpos secondary to acquired vaginal scarring after radiation therapy for colorectal carcinoma.|journal=Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine |date=Jul 2009|volume=28|issue=7|pages=949–53|pmid=19546336|url=http://www.jultrasoundmed.org/content/28/7/949.full.pdf|doi=10.7863/jum.2009.28.7.949}}</ref>  [[Mucometrocolpos]] is the accumulation of mucous secretions behind an imperforate hymen.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yapar|first=E. G.|last2=Ekici|first2=E.|last3=Aydogdu|first3=T.|last4=Senses|first4=E.|last5=Gökmen|first5=O.|date=1996-12-18|title=Diagnostic problems in a case with mucometrocolpos, polydactyly, congenital heart disease, and skeletal dysplasia|journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics|volume=66|issue=3|pages=343–346|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19961218)66:3<343::AID-AJMG19>3.0.CO;2-M|issn=0148-7299|pmid=8985498}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=JL5sAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Mucometrocolpos%22&dq=%22Mucometrocolpos%22|title=Neonatal and pediatric ultrasonography|last=Babcock|first=Diane S.|date=January 1989|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|isbn=9780443086069|language=en}}</ref> [[Mucometrocolpos]] can sometimes cause abdominal distention.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=djcLBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA283&dq=%22Mucometrocolpos%22#v=onepage&q=%22Mucometrocolpos%22&f=false|title=Common Surgical Diseases: An Algorithmic Approach to Problem Solving|last=Saclarides|first=Theodore J.|last2=Myers|first2=Jonathan A.|last3=Millikan|first3=Keith W.|date=2015-01-02|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781493915651|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=JKP2x7b1OJYC&pg=PA556&lpg=PA556&dq=Mucometrocolpos#v=onepage&q=Mucometrocolpos&f=false|title=Symptoms and Signs in Pediatric Surgery|last=Kaiser|first=Georges L.|date=2012-12-13|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9783642311611|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=aFnhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA867&lpg=PA867&dq=Mucometrocolpos#v=onepage&q=Mucometrocolpos&f=false|title=Human Malformations and Related Anomalies|last=Stevenson|first=Roger E.|date=2015-10-27|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199386031|language=en}}</ref><ref name=kace>{{Cite journal|last=Dosedla|first=Erik|last2=Kacerovsky|first2=Marian|last3=Calda|first3=Pavel|date=2011-03-01|title=Prenatal diagnosis of hydrometrocolpos in a down syndrome fetus|journal=Journal of Clinical Ultrasound|language=en|volume=39|issue=3|pages=169–171|doi=10.1002/jcu.20785|pmid=21387330|issn=1097-0096|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00607636}}</ref>
'''Hematocolpos''' is a medical condition characterized by the accumulation of menstrual blood in the [[vagina]]. This condition typically occurs due to an obstruction that prevents the normal outflow of menstrual fluid. The most common cause of hematocolpos is an [[imperforate hymen]], a congenital disorder where the hymen completely covers the vaginal opening.


== Symptoms==
==Causes==
Hematocolpos is primarily caused by anatomical obstructions that impede the normal flow of menstrual blood. These obstructions can include:


* On and off lower [[abdominal pain]] lasting more than a week <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Kotter|first=Haleigh|last2=Weingrow|first2=Daniel|last3=Canders|first3=Caleb|date=2017-07-28|title=Hematometrocolpos in a Pubescent Girl with Abdominal Pain|url=https://westjem.com/case-report/hematometrocolpos-in-a-pubescent-girl-with-abdominal-pain.html|journal=Clinical Practice and Cases in Emergency Medicine|language=en-US|volume=1|issue=3|pages=218–220|doi=10.5811/cpcem.2017.3.33369|pmid=29849312|pmc=5965174|issn=2474-252X}}</ref>
* '''[[Imperforate hymen]]''': A condition where the hymen, a thin membrane partially covering the vaginal opening, is completely closed, preventing menstrual blood from exiting the body.
* Pain with [[cramping]], with episodes of worse pain in between<ref name=":0" />
* '''[[Transverse vaginal septum]]''': A rare congenital anomaly where a horizontal wall of tissue forms within the vagina, blocking the passage of menstrual fluid.
*[[Vomiting]] without [[blood]] or [[bile]] <ref name=":0" />
* '''[[Vaginal atresia]]''': A condition where the vagina is absent or underdeveloped, leading to obstruction.
* Abdominal [[bloating]] and distention <ref name=":0" />
* [[Constipation]] and changes in [[urine]] output <ref name=":0" />
* Tender [[breast]]s <ref name=":0" />
* [[Vaginal bleeding|Vaginal]] bleeding or [[Vaginal discharge|discharge]] <ref name=":0" />


== Causes ==
==Symptoms==
There can be four possible causes of hematocolpos<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gradestack.com/Dr-Bhatia-Medical/Most-common-cause-of/61-3042-3175-15641-sf|title=Most common cause of hematocolpos (LQ)A cervical atresiaB vaginal atresiaC transverse vaginal septumD imperforate hymen - Flash cards Miscellaneous - Dr. Bhatia Medical Coaching Institute Pvt. Ltd. - Dr Bhatia Medical Coaching Institute|website=GradeStack Courses|access-date=2018-10-27}}</ref>
The symptoms of hematocolpos can vary depending on the severity of the obstruction and the amount of blood accumulated. Common symptoms include:


* [[Imperforate hymen]]  
* [[Amenorrhea]]: Absence of menstrual periods in a female who has reached puberty.
* [[Cervical atresia]]  
* [[Pelvic pain]]: Discomfort or pain in the pelvic region, often due to the pressure of accumulated blood.
* [[Vaginal atresia]]  
* [[Abdominal distension]]: Swelling of the abdomen caused by the buildup of menstrual blood.
* [[Transverse vaginal septum]]
* [[Urinary retention]]: Difficulty in urination due to pressure on the bladder.


== Treatment ==
==Diagnosis==
It is generally treated surgically, with a [[hymenotomy]] or other surgery to remove any tissue that blocks the menstrual flow.
The diagnosis of hematocolpos is typically made through a combination of clinical examination and imaging studies. Key diagnostic methods include:


==References==
* '''[[Pelvic examination]]''': A physical examination to assess the presence of an imperforate hymen or other obstructions.
{{Reflist}}
* '''[[Ultrasound]]''': An imaging technique used to visualize the accumulation of fluid in the vagina and assess the anatomy of the reproductive tract.
* '''[[Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]]''': Provides detailed images of the pelvic organs and can help identify the cause of the obstruction.


== External links ==
==Treatment==
{{Medical resources
The treatment of hematocolpos involves relieving the obstruction to allow the normal flow of menstrual blood. Treatment options include:
|  ICD10          =  {{ICD10|N|89|7|n|80}}
|  ICD9          = {{ICD9|626.8}}
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{{Female diseases of the pelvis and genitals|state=collapsed}}
* '''Surgical intervention''': The most common treatment is surgical incision of the hymen (hymenotomy) to create an opening for menstrual blood to exit. In cases of transverse vaginal septum or vaginal atresia, more complex surgical procedures may be required.
* '''Post-surgical care''': After surgery, patients may require follow-up care to ensure proper healing and to prevent complications such as infection or scarring.


[[Category:Gynaecologic disorders]]
==Prognosis==
With appropriate treatment, the prognosis for individuals with hematocolpos is generally good. Surgical intervention typically resolves the obstruction, allowing normal menstrual flow and alleviating symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent complications such as [[endometriosis]] or [[infertility]].


==Related pages==
* [[Amenorrhea]]
* [[Imperforate hymen]]
* [[Transverse vaginal septum]]
* [[Vaginal atresia]]


{{womens-health-stub}}
[[Category:Gynecological disorders]]

Revision as of 19:18, 22 March 2025

Accumulation of menstrual blood in the vagina


Hematocolpos is a medical condition characterized by the accumulation of menstrual blood in the vagina. This condition typically occurs due to an obstruction that prevents the normal outflow of menstrual fluid. The most common cause of hematocolpos is an imperforate hymen, a congenital disorder where the hymen completely covers the vaginal opening.

Causes

Hematocolpos is primarily caused by anatomical obstructions that impede the normal flow of menstrual blood. These obstructions can include:

  • Imperforate hymen: A condition where the hymen, a thin membrane partially covering the vaginal opening, is completely closed, preventing menstrual blood from exiting the body.
  • Transverse vaginal septum: A rare congenital anomaly where a horizontal wall of tissue forms within the vagina, blocking the passage of menstrual fluid.
  • Vaginal atresia: A condition where the vagina is absent or underdeveloped, leading to obstruction.

Symptoms

The symptoms of hematocolpos can vary depending on the severity of the obstruction and the amount of blood accumulated. Common symptoms include:

  • Amenorrhea: Absence of menstrual periods in a female who has reached puberty.
  • Pelvic pain: Discomfort or pain in the pelvic region, often due to the pressure of accumulated blood.
  • Abdominal distension: Swelling of the abdomen caused by the buildup of menstrual blood.
  • Urinary retention: Difficulty in urination due to pressure on the bladder.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of hematocolpos is typically made through a combination of clinical examination and imaging studies. Key diagnostic methods include:

  • Pelvic examination: A physical examination to assess the presence of an imperforate hymen or other obstructions.
  • Ultrasound: An imaging technique used to visualize the accumulation of fluid in the vagina and assess the anatomy of the reproductive tract.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Provides detailed images of the pelvic organs and can help identify the cause of the obstruction.

Treatment

The treatment of hematocolpos involves relieving the obstruction to allow the normal flow of menstrual blood. Treatment options include:

  • Surgical intervention: The most common treatment is surgical incision of the hymen (hymenotomy) to create an opening for menstrual blood to exit. In cases of transverse vaginal septum or vaginal atresia, more complex surgical procedures may be required.
  • Post-surgical care: After surgery, patients may require follow-up care to ensure proper healing and to prevent complications such as infection or scarring.

Prognosis

With appropriate treatment, the prognosis for individuals with hematocolpos is generally good. Surgical intervention typically resolves the obstruction, allowing normal menstrual flow and alleviating symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent complications such as endometriosis or infertility.

Related pages

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