Insulin analogue

Insulin analogue
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INN
Drug class	Insulin preparation
Routes of administration	Subcutaneous injection, IV (for some rapid-acting analogs)
Pregnancy category	Varies by analog
Bioavailability	Varies
Metabolism	Liver, kidney
Elimination half-life	Varies (minutes to hours)
Excretion	Kidney
Legal status	Rx-only
CAS Number
PubChem
DrugBank
ChemSpider
KEGG

Insulin analogs are modified forms of human insulin designed to improve pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, providing better glycemic control for people with diabetes mellitus. These synthetic insulins have altered amino acid sequences, affecting their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) properties.

Types of Insulin Analogs

Insulin analogs are classified into rapid-acting, long-acting, and ultra-long-acting formulations based on their onset and duration of action.

Rapid-acting Insulin Analogs

Used to control postprandial blood glucose spikes.

Rapid-Acting Insulin Analogs

Name	Brand Names	Onset of Action	Peak Effect	Duration
Insulin lispro	Humalog, Admelog	~15 min	1–2 hours	3–5 hours
Insulin aspart	NovoLog, Fiasp	~10–20 min	1–3 hours	3–5 hours
Insulin glulisine	Apidra	~15 min	1–2 hours	3–5 hours

Long-acting and Ultra-long-acting Insulin Analogs

Used to maintain basal insulin levels throughout the day.

Long-Acting and Ultra-Long-Acting Insulin Analogs

Name	Brand Names	Onset of Action	Peak Effect	Duration
Insulin glargine	Lantus, Toujeo, Basaglar	~1–2 hours	No significant peak	18–24 hours
Insulin detemir	Levemir	~1–2 hours	Minimal peak	12–24 hours
Insulin degludec	Tresiba	~1 hour	No significant peak	>42 hours

Mechanism of Action

Insulin analogs work by: 1. Binding to the insulin receptor (IR) on target cells (liver, muscle, adipose). 2. Stimulating glucose uptake via GLUT4 transporters. 3. Inhibiting hepatic glucose production and promoting glycogen synthesis. 4. Suppressing lipolysis and proteolysis.

The modifications in insulin analogs affect their absorption rate and receptor affinity, providing a more physiological insulin profile.

Advantages of Insulin Analogs

Compared to human insulin, insulin analogs offer:

• Faster onset (e.g., rapid-acting analogs for meal coverage).
• Prolonged basal action (e.g., ultra-long-acting insulin reduces nocturnal hypoglycemia).
• Lower risk of hypoglycemia (especially long-acting formulations).
• More predictable absorption with less variability.

Clinical Indications

Insulin analogs are used for:

• Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) – Requires both basal and bolus insulin.
• Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) – Used when oral hypoglycemic agents fail.
• Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) – Preferred over human insulin for better glycemic control.
• Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) – IV insulin analogs used in critical care settings.

Comparison with Human Insulin

Comparison of Insulin Analogs vs. Human Insulin

Feature	Human Insulin	Insulin Analogs
Onset of action	Slower (30–60 min)	Faster (10–15 min for rapid-acting)
Duration	Shorter or longer (varies)	More predictable
Risk of hypoglycemia	Higher	Lower (especially nocturnal hypoglycemia)
Absorption variability	Higher	Lower

Potential Side Effects

Common side effects include:

• Hypoglycemia (risk varies by type of insulin).
• Weight gain (due to anabolic effects of insulin).
• Injection site reactions (e.g., lipodystrophy).
• Allergic reactions (rare but possible).
• Hypokalemia (can lead to cardiac arrhythmias).

Special Considerations

• Renal impairment – Adjust dosing for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
• Liver dysfunction – Insulin metabolism is reduced in hepatic impairment.
• Pregnancy and lactation – Some analogs (e.g., insulin detemir) are FDA-approved for pregnancy.

Future Developments

Research is ongoing for:

• Oral insulin formulations (to improve compliance).
• Smart insulin pumps (automated insulin delivery systems).
• Ultra-rapid insulins (faster onset for meal-time control).

See Also

• Diabetes mellitus
• Insulin pump
• Hypoglycemia
• Continuous glucose monitoring
• Insulin therapy