Radiocarbon dating

Radiocarbon dating is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon.

The method was developed in the late 1940s at the University of Chicago by Willard Libby, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in 1960. It is based on the fact that radiocarbon (14C) is constantly being created in the atmosphere by the interaction of cosmic rays with atmospheric nitrogen. The resulting 14C combines with atmospheric oxygen to form radioactive carbon dioxide, which is incorporated into plants by photosynthesis; animals then acquire 14C by eating the plants. When the animal or plant dies, it stops exchanging carbon with its environment, and thereafter the amount of 14C it contains begins to decrease as the 14C undergoes radioactive decay. Measuring the amount of 14C in a sample from a dead plant or animal, such as a piece of wood or a fragment of bone, provides information that can be used to calculate when the animal or plant died.

History

In 1939, Sergey Korolyov and Vladimir Vernadsky made the first attempts to radiocarbon date material. They synthesized 14C using the laboratory's cyclotron accelerator and soon discovered that the atom's half-life was far longer than had been previously thought.

Principles

Radiocarbon dating is based on the fact that the interaction of cosmic rays from the sun with nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere produces an unstable isotope of carbon, 14C, or radiocarbon.

Applications

Radiocarbon dating has been used in many fields, including archaeology, geology, hydrology, geophysics, atmospheric science, oceanography, paleoclimatology, and even biomedicine.

Limitations

Radiocarbon dating has limitations and has been misused. It often fails to give an accurate result, usually giving a younger age than the true age.

See also

• Carbon-14
• Radiometric dating
• Half-life
• Isotope

References

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  The Temple Scroll (11Q20)
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  Willard Libby in Lab
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  Carbon exchange reservoir
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  Hemispheric 14C graphs 1950s to 2010
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  NR sheep
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  1 MV accelerator mass spectrometer
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  Accelerator mass spectrometer schematic for radiocarbon
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  Prometheus tree
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  Intcal 20 calibration curve
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  Great Isaiah Scroll Ch53