Prostaglandin: Difference between revisions
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= Prostaglandin = | |||
[[File:Prostaglandin_E1.svg|thumb|right|200px|Structure of Prostaglandin E1]] | |||
'''Prostaglandins''' are a group of physiologically active lipid compounds called [[eicosanoids]] having diverse hormone-like effects in animals. Prostaglandins have been found in almost every tissue in humans and other animals. They are derived enzymatically from the fatty acid [[arachidonic acid]]. | |||
Prostaglandins | |||
=== | == History == | ||
Prostaglandins | [[File:Ulf-von-Euler.gif|thumb|left|150px|Ulf von Euler, discoverer of prostaglandins]] | ||
Prostaglandins were first discovered in the 1930s by Swedish physiologist [[Ulf von Euler]]. He isolated an active substance from human semen and named it "prostaglandin" because he believed it was part of the prostatic secretions. Later research showed that prostaglandins are produced by many tissues in the body. | |||
== | == Structure and Synthesis == | ||
Prostaglandins | [[File:Eicosanoid_synthesis.svg|thumb|right|300px|Pathway of eicosanoid synthesis]] | ||
Prostaglandins are synthesized from [[arachidonic acid]] by the action of the enzyme [[cyclooxygenase]] (COX). There are two main isoforms of this enzyme: COX-1 and COX-2. The synthesis of prostaglandins involves the conversion of arachidonic acid to [[prostaglandin H2]] (PGH2), which is then converted to various other prostaglandins by specific synthase enzymes. | |||
== Prostaglandins | == Types of Prostaglandins == | ||
There are several types of prostaglandins, each with different functions: | |||
* '''Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)''': Known for its vasodilatory properties and ability to inhibit platelet aggregation. | |||
* '''Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)''': Involved in inflammation and fever regulation. | |||
* '''Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α)''': Plays a role in the contraction of the uterus and is used to induce labor. | |||
* '''Prostacyclin (PGI2)''': Inhibits platelet activation and is a potent vasodilator. | |||
[[File:Prostacyclin-2D-skeletal.png|thumb|left|200px|Structure of Prostacyclin]] | |||
== Biological Functions == | |||
Prostaglandins have a wide range of biological functions, including: | |||
* Regulation of [[inflammation]] and [[immune response]] | |||
* Modulation of [[blood flow]] and [[blood clotting]] | |||
* Induction of [[labor]] and control of [[reproductive processes]] | |||
* Regulation of [[gastric acid secretion]] and protection of the [[gastrointestinal tract]] | |||
== Clinical Significance == | |||
Prostaglandins are involved in many physiological and pathological processes. They are targets for [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]] (NSAIDs) like [[aspirin]], which inhibit the COX enzymes and reduce the production of prostaglandins, thereby alleviating pain and inflammation. | |||
== Related Pages == | |||
* [[Eicosanoid]] | * [[Eicosanoid]] | ||
* [[Cyclooxygenase]] | * [[Cyclooxygenase]] | ||
* [[Arachidonic acid]] | * [[Arachidonic acid]] | ||
* [[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]] | |||
[[Category:Biochemistry]] | [[Category:Biochemistry]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Pharmacology]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Physiology]] | ||
Revision as of 14:13, 21 February 2025
Prostaglandin
Prostaglandins are a group of physiologically active lipid compounds called eicosanoids having diverse hormone-like effects in animals. Prostaglandins have been found in almost every tissue in humans and other animals. They are derived enzymatically from the fatty acid arachidonic acid.
History
Prostaglandins were first discovered in the 1930s by Swedish physiologist Ulf von Euler. He isolated an active substance from human semen and named it "prostaglandin" because he believed it was part of the prostatic secretions. Later research showed that prostaglandins are produced by many tissues in the body.
Structure and Synthesis
Prostaglandins are synthesized from arachidonic acid by the action of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX). There are two main isoforms of this enzyme: COX-1 and COX-2. The synthesis of prostaglandins involves the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), which is then converted to various other prostaglandins by specific synthase enzymes.
Types of Prostaglandins
There are several types of prostaglandins, each with different functions:
- Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1): Known for its vasodilatory properties and ability to inhibit platelet aggregation.
- Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2): Involved in inflammation and fever regulation.
- Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α): Plays a role in the contraction of the uterus and is used to induce labor.
- Prostacyclin (PGI2): Inhibits platelet activation and is a potent vasodilator.
Biological Functions
Prostaglandins have a wide range of biological functions, including:
- Regulation of inflammation and immune response
- Modulation of blood flow and blood clotting
- Induction of labor and control of reproductive processes
- Regulation of gastric acid secretion and protection of the gastrointestinal tract
Clinical Significance
Prostaglandins are involved in many physiological and pathological processes. They are targets for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like aspirin, which inhibit the COX enzymes and reduce the production of prostaglandins, thereby alleviating pain and inflammation.
