Hydroxychloroquine: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 16:24, 16 February 2025

Hydroxychloroquine[edit]

Chemical synthesis of Hydroxychloroquine

Hydroxychloroquine is a medication used primarily for the prevention and treatment of certain types of malaria. It is also used in the management of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Hydroxychloroquine is a derivative of chloroquine, a drug that has been used for many years in the treatment of malaria.

Medical Uses[edit]

Hydroxychloroquine is used in the treatment of several conditions:

Malaria: It is effective against the malaria parasites Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium malariae. However, it is not effective against Plasmodium falciparum strains that are resistant to chloroquine.

Rheumatoid Arthritis: Hydroxychloroquine is used as a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) to reduce inflammation and slow the progression of rheumatoid arthritis.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): It helps to control symptoms such as skin rashes, joint pain, and fatigue in patients with lupus.

Mechanism of Action[edit]

Hydroxychloroquine works by interfering with the communication of cells in the immune system. It is thought to inhibit the action of certain enzymes and pathways that are involved in the inflammatory process. In malaria, it interferes with the growth of parasites in the red blood cells.

Side Effects[edit]

Common side effects of hydroxychloroquine include nausea, stomach cramps, and diarrhea. More serious side effects can include vision changes, muscle weakness, and heart problems. Long-term use of hydroxychloroquine can lead to retinopathy, which can cause permanent damage to the retina and vision loss.

Synthesis[edit]

The synthesis of hydroxychloroquine involves several chemical reactions. The process begins with the preparation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline, which is then reacted with 4-N-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aminopentane to form hydroxychloroquine. The synthesis is depicted in the accompanying diagram.

Related Pages[edit]

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-{{intro}}
+== Hydroxychloroquine ==
-Hydroxychloroquine is a derivative of chloroquine that has both antimalarial and antiinflammatory activities and is now most often used as an antirheumatologic agent in [[systemic lupus erythematosis]] and [[rheumatoid arthritis]].
-{{livtox}}
+[[File:Hydroxychloroquine_synthesis.svg|thumb|right|Chemical synthesis of Hydroxychloroquine]]
-Hydroxychloroquine therapy has not been associated with liver function abnormalities and is an extremely rare cause of clinically apparent acute liver injury.
-{{moa}}
+'''Hydroxychloroquine''' is a medication used primarily for the prevention and treatment of certain types of malaria. It is also used in the management of autoimmune diseases such as [[rheumatoid arthritis]] and [[systemic lupus erythematosus]]. Hydroxychloroquine is a derivative of [[chloroquine]], a drug that has been used for many years in the treatment of malaria.
-Hydroxychloroquine (hye drox" ee klor' oh kwin) is a hydroxylated derivative of chloroquine and has similar antimalarial activity but is less toxic, allowing for use in higher doses for longer periods.  Originally used as an antimalarial agent, hydroxychloroquine was later found to have antiinflammatory activity.  Its mechanism of action is not well known, but it is concentrated in lysosomes and appears to stabilize lysosomal membranes inhibiting phagocytosis and release of proinflammatory lysosomal enzymes and cytokines.
-{{fda}}
+== Medical Uses ==
-Hydroxychloroquine was approved for use in the United States in 1994, and indications were later broadened and now include rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis, discoid and systemic lupus erythematosus and prevention and treatment of malaria.  Hydroxychloroquine has also been used as therapy of porphyria cutanea tarda where it seems to act by increasing excretion of porphyrins.
-{{dose}}
+Hydroxychloroquine is used in the treatment of several conditions:
-Hydroxychloroquine is available in generic forms and under the brand names of [[Plaquenil]] in tablets of 200 mg.  The usual dose is 400 mg daily in one or two divided doses.
-{{se}}
+* '''Malaria''': It is effective against the malaria parasites [[Plasmodium vivax]], [[Plasmodium ovale]], and [[Plasmodium malariae]]. However, it is not effective against [[Plasmodium falciparum]] strains that are resistant to chloroquine.
-Common side effects include headaches, dizziness, gastrointestinal upset and rash.  Retinopathy is a serious side effect of hydroxychloroquine and regular ophthalmologic monitoring is recommended for patients on long term therapy.
-{{antirheumatic agents}}
+* '''Rheumatoid Arthritis''': Hydroxychloroquine is used as a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) to reduce inflammation and slow the progression of rheumatoid arthritis.
-{{coststubd}}
+* '''Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)''': It helps to control symptoms such as skin rashes, joint pain, and fatigue in patients with lupus.
+== Mechanism of Action ==
+Hydroxychloroquine works by interfering with the communication of cells in the immune system. It is thought to inhibit the action of certain enzymes and pathways that are involved in the inflammatory process. In malaria, it interferes with the growth of parasites in the red blood cells.
+== Side Effects ==
+Common side effects of hydroxychloroquine include nausea, stomach cramps, and diarrhea. More serious side effects can include vision changes, muscle weakness, and heart problems. Long-term use of hydroxychloroquine can lead to retinopathy, which can cause permanent damage to the retina and vision loss.
+== Synthesis ==
+The synthesis of hydroxychloroquine involves several chemical reactions. The process begins with the preparation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline, which is then reacted with 4-[[N-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]]pentane to form hydroxychloroquine. The synthesis is depicted in the accompanying diagram.
+== Related Pages ==
+* [[Chloroquine]]
+* [[Malaria]]
+* [[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
+* [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
+{{Drugs}}
+[[Category:Antimalarial agents]]
+[[Category:Antirheumatic products]]
+[[Category:Quinolines]]