Plasmodium malariae

Mature Plasmodium malariae schizont PHIL 2715 lores

Relative incidence of Plasmodium (malaria) species by country of origin for imported cases to non-endemic countries

Geographical areas of malaria transmission 2014

Plasmodium

Falciparum-life-cycle-final

== Plasmodium malariae ==

Plasmodium malariae is a protozoan parasite and one of the species of Plasmodium that causes malaria in humans. It is one of the less common species of Plasmodium that infect humans, the others being Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium ovale.

Life Cycle

The life cycle of Plasmodium malariae involves two hosts: the Anopheles mosquito and humans. The cycle begins when an infected mosquito bites a human, injecting sporozoites into the bloodstream. These sporozoites travel to the liver, where they mature into schizonts, which then rupture and release merozoites into the bloodstream. The merozoites infect red blood cells, where they develop into trophozoites and then schizonts, continuing the cycle of infection.

Clinical Features

Plasmodium malariae is known for causing a type of malaria known as quartan malaria, characterized by fever episodes that occur every 72 hours. Symptoms include fever, chills, sweats, headache, nausea, and vomiting. Unlike Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae infections are generally less severe but can persist for many years if untreated.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of Plasmodium malariae infection is typically made through microscopic examination of blood smears, where the parasite can be identified by its distinctive appearance. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are also used for detection.

Treatment

The treatment for Plasmodium malariae involves the use of antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine. In cases of drug resistance, alternative medications may be required. It is important to complete the full course of treatment to ensure the parasite is fully eradicated.

Epidemiology

Plasmodium malariae is found in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in parts of Africa, Asia, and South America. It is less prevalent than Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax but can still cause significant morbidity in affected regions.

Prevention

Preventive measures include the use of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs), indoor residual spraying (IRS), and antimalarial prophylaxis for travelers to endemic areas. Efforts to control the mosquito population and reduce human-mosquito contact are crucial in preventing the spread of malaria.

Related Pages

• Malaria
• Plasmodium falciparum
• Plasmodium vivax
• Plasmodium ovale
• Anopheles
• Antimalarial drugs