Quinine: Difference between revisions

Quinine
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Latest revision as of 02:50, 11 December 2024

An article about the use of quinine in medicine

Quinine is a medication used to treat malaria and babesiosis. It is a naturally occurring alkaloid derived from the bark of the Cinchona tree. Quinine has been used for centuries as an effective treatment for malaria, a disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes.

History[edit]

The use of quinine dates back to the early 17th century when it was first introduced to Europe by Jesuit missionaries. The bark of the Cinchona tree, native to the Andean forests of South America, was used by indigenous people to treat fevers. The active ingredient, quinine, was isolated in 1820 by French researchers Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou.

Mechanism of Action[edit]

Quinine works by interfering with the growth and reproduction of the malaria parasite in the red blood cells. It inhibits the parasite's ability to digest hemoglobin, leading to the accumulation of toxic heme molecules, which ultimately kills the parasite.

Medical Uses[edit]

Quinine is primarily used to treat uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. It is often used in combination with other antimalarial drugs to enhance efficacy and reduce the risk of resistance. Quinine is also used off-label to treat nocturnal leg cramps, although this use is controversial due to potential side effects.

Side Effects[edit]

Common side effects of quinine include cinchonism, which is characterized by symptoms such as tinnitus, headache, nausea, and visual disturbances. More severe side effects can include thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, and arrhythmias. Due to these potential adverse effects, quinine use is generally limited to cases where other treatments are not available or suitable.

Biosynthesis[edit]

Quinine is biosynthesized in the Cinchona tree through a complex pathway involving several enzymatic steps. The process begins with the amino acid tryptophan and involves the formation of several intermediate compounds before the final quinine molecule is produced.

Cultural and Other Uses[edit]

Quinine is also known for its use in tonic water, where it is responsible for the drink's distinctive bitter taste. Under ultraviolet light, tonic water fluoresces due to the presence of quinine, as shown in the image above.

Also see[edit]

References[edit]

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-[[File:Quinine.svg|thumb|200px|right|Chemical structure of quinine]]
+{{Short description|An article about the use of quinine in medicine}}
+{{Infobox drug
+| name = Quinine
+| image = Quinine structure.png
+| width = 200px
+| alt = Quinine chemical structure
+| caption = Chemical structure of quinine
+| image2 = Tonic water uv.jpg
+| width2 = 200px
+| alt2 = Tonic water under UV light
+| caption2 = Tonic water glowing under UV light due to quinine
+}}
-== Introduction ==
+'''Quinine''' is a medication used to treat [[malaria]] and [[babesiosis]]. It is a naturally occurring alkaloid derived from the bark of the [[Cinchona]] tree. Quinine has been used for centuries as an effective treatment for malaria, a disease caused by [[Plasmodium]] parasites transmitted through the bites of infected [[Anopheles]] mosquitoes.
-Quinine is a natural alkaloid compound that is derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It has been used for centuries as a treatment for malaria, a disease caused by a parasite that is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. Quinine is also used to treat other medical conditions, including leg cramps and arrhythmia.
+==History==
+The use of quinine dates back to the early 17th century when it was first introduced to Europe by Jesuit missionaries. The bark of the Cinchona tree, native to the Andean forests of South America, was used by indigenous people to treat fevers. The active ingredient, quinine, was isolated in 1820 by French researchers Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou.
-== History ==
+==Mechanism of Action==
+Quinine works by interfering with the growth and reproduction of the malaria parasite in the red blood cells. It inhibits the parasite's ability to digest hemoglobin, leading to the accumulation of toxic heme molecules, which ultimately kills the parasite.
-The use of quinine as a treatment for malaria dates back to the 17th century when Jesuit missionaries discovered the medicinal properties of cinchona bark in South America. Quinine quickly became the standard treatment for malaria, and it played a critical role in the colonization of many tropical regions by European powers.
+==Medical Uses==
+Quinine is primarily used to treat uncomplicated [[Plasmodium falciparum]] malaria. It is often used in combination with other antimalarial drugs to enhance efficacy and reduce the risk of resistance. Quinine is also used off-label to treat [[nocturnal leg cramps]], although this use is controversial due to potential side effects.
-During World War II, quinine was in high demand by both the Allies and the Axis powers, leading to the development of synthetic alternatives such as chloroquine and mefloquine. However, these drugs have become less effective over time as the malaria parasite has developed resistance to them, leading to renewed interest in quinine as a treatment.
+==Side Effects==
+Common side effects of quinine include [[cinchonism]], which is characterized by symptoms such as tinnitus, headache, nausea, and visual disturbances. More severe side effects can include [[thrombocytopenia]], [[hemolytic anemia]], and [[arrhythmias]]. Due to these potential adverse effects, quinine use is generally limited to cases where other treatments are not available or suitable.
-== Chemistry ==
+==Biosynthesis==
+[[File:Quinine Biosynthesis.png|thumb|Biosynthesis of quinine]]
+Quinine is biosynthesized in the Cinchona tree through a complex pathway involving several enzymatic steps. The process begins with the amino acid tryptophan and involves the formation of several intermediate compounds before the final quinine molecule is produced.
-Quinine is an alkaloid compound with the chemical formula C20H24N2O2. It is a bitter-tasting, white crystalline powder that is soluble in water and alcohol. The chemical structure of quinine includes a quinoline ring and a quinuclidine ring, both of which are important for its biological activity.
+==Cultural and Other Uses==
+Quinine is also known for its use in [[tonic water]], where it is responsible for the drink's distinctive bitter taste. Under ultraviolet light, tonic water fluoresces due to the presence of quinine, as shown in the image above.
-== Pharmacology ==
+==Also see==
+* [[Malaria treatment]]
+* [[Cinchona]]
+* [[Antimalarial medication]]
+* [[Cinchonism]]
-Quinine acts by interfering with the metabolism of the malaria parasite within the red blood cells, preventing it from reproducing and causing further damage to the host. It is typically administered orally in the form of tablets, capsules, or a bitter-tasting tonic water.
+==References==
+{{Reflist}}
-Quinine is known to have a number of side effects, including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, as well as more serious side effects such as hearing loss, blindness, and cardiac arrhythmia. It is therefore important that quinine is used only under medical supervision and with appropriate monitoring.
+[[Category:Antimalarial agents]]
+[[Category:Alkaloids]]
-== Uses ==
+[[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]]
-The primary use of quinine is as a treatment for malaria. It is still used today in certain parts of the world, particularly in regions where the malaria parasite has developed resistance to other drugs. Quinine is also used to treat other medical conditions, including nocturnal leg cramps and certain types of arrhythmia.
-Quinine has also been used in the production of tonic water, a popular mixer for alcoholic beverages. However, the concentration of quinine in tonic water is generally too low to have any therapeutic effect, and it is primarily used for its bitter taste.
-== Side Effects and Precautions ==
-While quinine is generally considered safe when used in appropriate doses, it can have side effects, especially when used in high doses or for extended periods. Common side effects of quinine include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. In some cases, quinine can cause more serious side effects, such as hearing loss, vision problems, and cardiac arrhythmia.
-Due to the risk of side effects, quinine is not recommended for routine use in the treatment of malaria. Instead, other drugs, such as artemisinin-based combination therapies, are generally preferred. Quinine is typically used only when other treatments are not available or have failed.
-Quinine is also not recommended for use in certain populations, such as pregnant women and people with certain medical conditions, including cardiac disorders and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. It is important to discuss the risks and benefits of using quinine with a healthcare provider before starting treatment.
-== Research and Future Directions ==
-Despite its long history of use, there is still much that is not known about quinine, including its mechanism of action and how it interacts with other drugs. Research is ongoing to better understand the pharmacology of quinine and to identify new treatments for malaria.
-One area of research is the use of quinine derivatives, which may have improved efficacy and reduced side effects compared to quinine itself. Another area of research is the development of new drugs that target the malaria parasite in novel ways, such as by interfering with its ability to attach to and infect red blood cells.
-== Conclusion ==
-Quinine is a natural compound that has been used for centuries as a treatment for malaria. While it is not recommended for routine use due to the risk of side effects, it remains an important option for the treatment of malaria in certain situations. Ongoing research is helping to improve our understanding of quinine and to identify new treatments for malaria and other medical conditions.
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