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| {{Infobox medical condition (new) | | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Astroblastoma}} |
| | name = Astroblastoma
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| | image = Astroblastoma HE Specimen.jpg
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| | caption = [[Micrograph]] of an astroblastoma showing the characteristic [[nucleus (cell)|nuclear]] pervivascular pseudorosette. [[H&E stain]].
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| '''Astroblastoma''' is a rare glial [[tumor]] derived from the astroblast, a type of cell that closely resembles [[spongioblastoma]] and [[astrocytes]].<ref name="Unal"/> Astroblastoma cells are most likely found in the supratentorial region of the brain that houses the [[cerebrum]], an area responsible for all voluntary movements in the body.<ref name="Sughrue"/> It also occurs significantly in the [[frontal lobe]], [[parietal lobe]], and [[temporal lobe]], areas where movement, language creation, memory perception, and environmental surroundings are expressed. These tumors can be present in major brain areas not associated with the main cerebral hemispheres, including the [[cerebellum]], [[optic nerve]], [[cauda equina]], [[hypothalamus]], and [[brain stem]].<ref name="Denaro"/> | | '''Astroblastoma''' is a rare type of [[brain tumor]] that originates from [[astrocytes]], a type of [[glial cell]] in the [[central nervous system]]. It is considered a [[neuroepithelial tumor]] and is most commonly diagnosed in children and young adults. The tumor is characterized by its unique histological features and clinical behavior. |
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| The most defining physical symptom of astroblastoma, regardless of location, is elevated intracranial pressure, occurring when [[cerebrospinal fluid]] in the [[subarachnoid space]] exhibits heavy pressure and decreased blood flow, resulting in throbbing headache or nausea for the patient.<ref name="Sughrue"/> Despite widespread localization in the brain, astroblastoma is rarely reported in oncological studies, accounting for only 0.45–2.8% of all brain gliomas since its discovery in 1926.<ref name="Bell"/><ref name="Brat"/><ref name="Hirano"/> Without a doubt, astroblastoma remains one of the most challenging and problematic tumors to diagnose and treat among all nervous system cancers.
| | ==Histology== |
| | [[File:Astroblastoma_HE_Specimen.jpg|thumb|right|Histological specimen of astroblastoma showing perivascular pseudorosettes.]] |
| | Astroblastomas are distinguished by their perivascular pseudorosettes, which are formations of tumor cells arranged around blood vessels. The tumor cells are typically large, with abundant cytoplasm and eccentric nuclei. The presence of these pseudorosettes is a key diagnostic feature that helps differentiate astroblastoma from other types of [[gliomas]]. |
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| == Subtypes == | | ==Clinical Presentation== |
| | | Patients with astroblastoma often present with symptoms related to increased [[intracranial pressure]], such as [[headaches]], [[nausea]], and [[vomiting]]. Other symptoms may include [[seizures]], [[neurological deficits]], and changes in [[mental status]]. The location of the tumor within the brain can influence the specific symptoms experienced by the patient. |
| Astroblastoma can be divided into low-grade, well-differentiated tumors and high-grade, anaplastic subtypes.<ref name="Unal"/> The majority of tumors exhibit a spherical perimeter with either a solid or cystic interior, comprising peripheral vasculature and [[wikt:epithelioid|epithelioid]] neoplasms.
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| === General Pathology ===
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| Since the early 1890s, astroblastoma has established a stable set of pathological qualities that truly distinguishes itself as a separate and significant entity. Compilations from various case reports reveal the following common characteristics:<ref name="Sughrue"/>
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| * Appears "bubbly" in nature
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| * Polarized, unipolar in structure
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| * Peripheral vasculature
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| * Radial arrangement as a [[Perivascular pseudorosette|pseudorosette]]
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| * Immunoreactive for [[Glial fibrillary acidic protein|GFAP]] and [[vimentin]] (supports astrocytic origin)
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| * Lacks "true [[rosette (design)|rosette]]" architecture
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| * Lacks structural cohesiveness
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| * Prominent [[solid pseudopapillary tumor|pseudopapillae]] formation
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| * Localization mostly in [[cerebral hemispheres]]
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| * Nodular, non-invasive growth
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| * Strong, associative vasculature in other parts of the body
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| * [[fibrosis|Tissue fibrosis]] prominence
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| * High likelihood of vascular [[hyalinization]]
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| * Low likelihood to metastasize toward other regions of the brain
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| === Abnormal Pathology ===
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| Beyond normal pathologies, scientists have discovered some abnormal characteristics of astroblastoma in a variety of patients. The presence of a bulky [[calcification]] with punctate (pointed) and globular features was noted in a 2009 study of a 12-year-old girl.<ref name="Ganapathy"/> [[Computerized tomography]] confirmed these calcified masses in the [[posterior inferior cerebellar artery|posteroinferior region]] to the [[fourth ventricle]] just above the [[midline]]. The mass began at the [[brainstem]], extended along the [[inferior cerebellar peduncle]] to roof areas against the ventricles through the [[nodule of vermis]], easily detected against normal grey matter surrounding it.<ref name="Ganapathy"/> Calcification deriving from nervous system tumors is a rare quality in astroblastoma patients, but it is nonetheless easy to identify. Lumbar pain and lower body weakness is also a rarity in astroblastoma patients, even though it is entirely possible for lesions to proliferate toward the spinal cord.<ref name="Hirano"/>
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| === Associations with Other Tumors ===
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| An enormous difficulty lies in classifying an astroblastoma tumor due to its overlapping features with other brain tumors. Certain neuroradiologic features finally distinguish astroblastoma from the common [[ependymoma]], another frequent tumor occurring in the fourth ventricle. In general, when brain lesions are smaller than Grade I, demarcating between these features is near impossible, often mistaking astroblastoma with glial [[neoplasms]], high-grade [[astrocytes]], and embryonal [[neoplasms]]. However, the “bubbly” appearance in astroblastoma is entirely exclusive.
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| Researchers have also confirmed astroblastoma distinct from [[oligodendroglioma]], which are invasive nodular cysts that may resemble a "bubbly" interior. [[Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma]], [[Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour|dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors]], juvenile [[pilocytic astrocytoma]], and [[hemangioblastoma]] are well-established, pediatric brain cancer tumors that are often confused with astroblastoma patients. However, further histology has confirmed that special structures and characteristics are unique to astroblastoma. Advances in the 21st century of histology have justified proper diagnosis, eliminating inconsistency that plagued this tumor for several decades.
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| Research going back to early 2000 marks the first complications for satisfying requirements in radiographic and histopathologic studies. Seven astroblastoma cases of [[comparative genomic hybridization]], a molecular technique analyzing chromosomal changes in DNA content of brain cancer cells, suggested that chromosome 19 and chromosome 20q were amplified in astroblastoma cells throughout the brain.<ref name="Brat"/><ref name="Hirano"/> These genomic features are responsible for widespread proliferation, [[tumorigenesis]], and deregulation of pathways associated with normal housekeeping. Furthermore, the absence of chromosome function in 9q, 10, and X were not observed in other types of neoplasms, such as an ependymoma.
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| Specific neuronal markers further distinguish astroblastoma. [[Neuron-specific enolase]] (NSE) positive, NSE negative, [[synaptophysin]] negative, neurofilament negative, TUJ1 positive, and [[Nestin (protein)|nestin]] positive have been expressed in astroblastoma cell populations, showing significant promise in neuronal stem cell treatment for the tumor.<ref name="Hirano"/>
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| == Clinical Symptoms ==
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| The majority of patients with astroblastoma display a limited set of physical and physiological symptoms. Rare cases in literature reveal atypical conditions, but these are often exclusive to the individual and do not suggest a widespread trend. As research continues, a larger set of symptoms can be properly assessed in the clinic.
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| === Intracranial pressure ===
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| Most patients experience a series of intermittent headaches over a few weeks or sustained, powerful pressure in a matter of days.<ref name="Sughrue"/><ref name="Hirano"/> The time-frame for this pressure varies from patient to patient and fluctuate based on the stage of the tumor. Both low-grade and high-grade astroblastoma can exhibit significant discomfort from headaches, although literature supports that higher-grade astroblastoma affect a patient with day-to-day activities, forcing individuals to stay at home away from their jobs and family. Malignant astroblastoma distorts the function of surrounding brain regions, and pressure is the primary result.<ref name="Unal"/><ref name="Ganapathy"/><ref name="Bonnin"/>
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| === Enhanced drowsiness ===
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| Along with cranial pressure, patients exhibit noticeable lethargy, increasing in severity as the tumor progresses.<ref name="Bonnin"/><ref name="Kubota"/><ref name="Kemerdere"/> In the first few months, morning activities are usually unaffected; over time, these effects become more pronounced, especially late at night.<ref name="Sughrue"/><ref name="Hirano"/><ref name="Ganapathy"/> Lethargy can disrupt vital signs, depleting energy and desire to perform simple cognitive tasks.
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| === Frequent nausea ===
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| The desire to eat normally becomes worse over time, leading to weight loss from vomiting.<ref name="Sughrue"/><ref name="Kubota"/><ref name="Navarro"/> Nausea is seen in almost all cases of astroblastoma, especially in low-grade tumors.
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| === Impaired vision ===
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| Vision deficit usually occurs when lesions grow in the occipital lobe of the brain,<ref name="Unal"/> causing a blurred daze for patients, especially in sensitivity to light. Focusing upon finer objects becomes a challenge, along with edge and border detection.<ref name="Hirano"/><ref name="Navarro"/> Driving behind the wheel is dangerous when astroblastoma grows in residual tissue size, since peripheral vision can be insufficient. Horizontal [[nystagmus]] and other involuntary eye disorders can occur.<ref name="Sughrue"/><ref name="Kubota"/>
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| === Motor system imbalance and weakness ===
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| Frequent reports show that adolescents and adults with grade III and IV astroblastoma fall frequently before they even reach a doctor's office.<ref name="Kemerdere"/> Alertness is diminished when walking normally, forcing patients to exhibit awkward gait patterns to avoid imbalance.<ref name="Hirano"/><ref name="Navarro"/>
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| === Decreased sensation ===
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| Since the motor system can be impaired with severe cases, the malignant spread of astroblastoma throughout the body may press against or paralyze the spinal cord, diminishing sensation in upper and lower extremities.<ref name="Hirano"/><ref name="Bonnin"/>
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| === Seizures ===
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| [[Convulsions]] are observed in older patients with astroblastoma.<ref name="Bonnin"/><ref name="Navarro"/>
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| === Psychotic episodes ===
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| Grade III and IV astroblastoma have been shown gradually change the mental stability of a patient.<ref name="Sughrue"/> Hallucinations impair cognition to the point where patients experience a loss of identity, although this is not commonly seen in clinic.<ref name="Hirano"/>
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| === Cognitive dysregulation ===
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| Irritability, aggression, memory loss, neurological deficits, and inattentiveness on everyday tasks are the most common forms of deregulation in the mental capabilities of a patient.<ref name="Kemerdere"/> Verbal communication is affected, but usually not to the point where close friends can detect that the individual is cognitively impaired.<ref name="Ganapathy"/><ref name="Kubota"/>
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| ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| === Classification ===
| | The diagnosis of astroblastoma is typically made through a combination of [[neuroimaging]] and [[histopathological]] examination. [[Magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) is the preferred imaging modality, as it provides detailed information about the tumor's size, location, and characteristics. A definitive diagnosis is made through a [[biopsy]] and subsequent microscopic examination of the tumor tissue. |
| The [[World Health Organization]], a specialized agency that classifies abnormal tumors affecting the central nervous system and assesses potential risk to life, has difficulty in assigning a proper grade for astroblastoma.<ref name="Sughrue"/> The organization’s most recent grade in 2007 assigned astroblastoma as a high-grade III and grade IV [[neoplasm]], signifying that the glial tumor is dangerous for patients, causing fatal problems even after surgery.<ref name="Brat"/><ref name="Hirano"/> However, recent data compilation from 2011, one that compiled nearly 30 years of clinical information, confirms opposite results from patients: a 95% survival rate exists after astroblastoma is completely removed (gross total resection).<ref name="Sughrue"/><ref name="Bell"/><ref name="Lau"/> The most important factor for any patient when cancer is concerned – the likelihood of surviving – is still controversial for astroblastoma, but recent advances in the last decade have improved prognosis. | |
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| == Treatment ==
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| Like most tumors in the brain, astroblastoma can be treated through surgery and various forms of therapy. Many publications within the last decade have suggested a noticeable improvement in success rate of patients. With the advancement of cutting-edge technology and novel approaches in stem cells, patients are hopeful that they be happy and healthy through old age.
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| The following factors influence an oncologist's specific treatment plan:
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| # Patient's overall medical history
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| # Localization and grade severity of the tumor
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| # Age and tolerance to certain medications, procedures, and treatment
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| # Predicted progress of recovery
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| # Final anticipated outcome of treatment
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| === Gross-total resection ===
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| Complete surgical removal, known as gross-total resection or [[craniotomy]], remains the standard for treating astroblastoma, despite high recurrence rate for high-grade tumors.<ref name="Weintraub"/> Since there are so few cases reported around the world each year, the standard for surgery varies from physician to physician and is often difficult to rightfully diagnose. Low-grade astroblastomas exhibit low recurrence rates following resection, but varying reports prove that some patients, despite the severity of the lesion, will unpredictably witness recurrence.<ref name="Bonnin"/> In a recent study of a 17-year-old male, a low-grade astroblastoma was resected and recurred within 5 months of the therapy, forcing the oncologist to administer further chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and a second resection to completely put the tumor in remission.<ref name="Kaji"/>
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| === Radiotherapy ===
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| [[Radiation therapy]] selectively kills astroblastoma cells while leaving surrounding normal brain tissue unharmed. The use of radiation therapy after an astroblastoma excision has variable results.<ref name="Sughrue"/> Conventional external beam radiation has both positive and negative effects on patients, but it is not recommended at this point to treat all types.<ref name="Sughrue"/> All in all, the radiosensitivity of astroblastoma to therapy remains unclear, since some research advocate its effectiveness while others diminish the effects. Future studies must be done on patients with both total excision and sub-excision of the tumor to accurately assess whether radiation benefits patients under different circumstances. | |
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| === Chemotherapy ===
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| [[Chemotherapy]] is the preferred secondary treatment after resection. The treatment kills astroblastoma cells left behind after surgery and induces a non-dividing, benign state for remaining tumor cells. Normally, chemotherapy is not recommended until the second required resection, implying that the astroblastoma is a high-grade tumor continuing to recur every few months.<ref name="Unal"/><ref name="Weintraub"/> A standard chemotherapy protocol starts with two rounds of [[nimustine|nimustine hydrochoride]] (ACNU), [[etoposide]], [[vincristine]], and [[interferon beta-1a|interferon-beta]].<ref name="Hirano"/> The patient undergoes a strict drug regimen until another surgery is required. By the third surgery, should recurrence in the astroblastoma occur, a six-round program of [[ifosfamide]], [[cisplatin]], and [[etoposide]] will "shock" the patient's system to the point where recurrence halts.<ref name="Hirano"/> Unfortunately, chemotherapy may not always be successful with patients requiring further resection of the tumor, since the tumor cell begins to show superior vasculature and a strong likelihood of compromising a patient's well-being. Oral ingestion of [[temozolomide]] for at-home bedside use may be preferred by the patient. | |
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| === Future advances ===
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| A popular form of surgery involves [[CyberKnife]] radiotherapy and [[Gamma Knife]] radiosurgery. Their success-rate on cranial lesion is fairly effective, but recurrence is still a problem for severe patients.<ref name="Hirano"/> | |
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| One of the more exciting and promising routes for treatment involves stem cell use to combat astroblastoma. A study in 2005 profiled cell surface markers of astroblastoma cells removed from an 11-year-old patient. [[fluorescence microscope|Fluorescence]] activation suggested that about 1/4 of these cells were [[CD133]] positive [[CD24]], [[CD34]], and [[CD45]] negative. This specific genetic makeup lends to self-renewal, differentiation, and propagation of neural stem cells in the brain.<ref name="Huhn"/> However, the work remains a preliminary insight into the role of neuronal stemlike cells on astroblastoma development.<ref name="Huhn"/>
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| == Recurrence ==
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| More than other brain tumors, astroblastoma is frequently a recurring tumor; its rate remains high, even after resection as treatment. Currently, an unfavorable prognosis exists for patients with high-grade, anaplastic astroblastoma: they tend to recur almost indefinitely, forcing the patient to invest in more invasive surgeries. In contrast, a favorable prognosis exists for patients with well-differentiated, low-grade astroblastoma, since patients usually never require such a treatment.<ref name="Bonnin"/><ref name="Mierau"/><ref name="Kaji"/> The strict black-and-white diagnosis of an astroblastoma based on grade does not determine all tumor behaviors, but it can be used as a benchmark for patients with varying degrees of severity.
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| === Low-grade ===
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| The likelihood of low-grade astroblastoma returning after surgery is highly improbable, but some patients have exhibited recurrence.<ref name="Kemerdere"/><ref name="Kaji"/> Patients with low-grade lesions can remain asymptomatic after surgery and show recurrence 1–2 years in follow-up sessions.<ref name="Lau"/> However, since residual tissue size is a large determinant for profiling recurrence, it is almost never the case that a low-grade astroblastoma continues to appear in size and strength after the second resection.<ref name="Mierau"/> Usually, patients are not recommended for resection at all and are simply directed towards other therapeutic techniques. Most children can continue to lead productive, healthy lives after a low-grade astroblastoma is treated.
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| === High-grade ===
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| Surviving the symptoms of high-grade astroblastoma is not life-threatening, but a significant portion of patients die due to repeated recurrence of tumors as they continue to grow and spread. Unlike conventional low-grade tumors, high-grade tumors associate a plethora of factors when they metastasize to other areas of the body. Therefore, complications frequently occur after surgery is performed since an oncologist cannot efficiently control the tumor in a suitable time-frame.<ref name="Weintraub"/> Cases in literature confirm that high-grade patients face up to five or six resection surgeries and ''still'' experience symptoms post-operatively.<ref name="Bonnin"/><ref name="Mierau"/> The dual-action of chemotherapy and radiotherapy can slow down recurrence when gross total resection is performed multiple times, but there is no guarantee that the tumor will ever be in remission.
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| onsiderations for specialized astroblastoma therapies, but they are not mentioned in current literature.
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| == Epidemiology ==
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| Astroblastoma predominantly affects children, but young adults are also susceptible to the tumor .<ref name="Sughrue"/> Although the tumor is widely considered a pediatric disease, elderly patients are documented throughout literature.<ref name="Bell"/><ref name="Navarro"/>
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| === Age incidence ===
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| The age distribution of astroblastoma is largely [[bimodal]], suggesting that two distinct diagnosis peaks occur from ages 5–10 and ages 21–30.<ref name="Sughrue"/><ref name="Lau"/> A likely explanation for this discrepancy is that parents of children are more likely to report symptoms of nausea and constant headaches than young adults, who may, at first, disregard these symptoms for a lesser condition. Nevertheless, a combination of age, anatomic location, and image assessment can efficiently evaluate astroblastoma. Furthermore, the age of a patient can aid an oncologist in recommending appropriate treatment plans, along with other factors.
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| === Gender incidence ===
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| In reported cases of the tumor over the last 25 years, the number of affected females with astroblastoma is significantly higher than the number of affected males.<ref name= "Unal"/><ref name="Weintraub"/> Sughrue et al. confirmed this trend, stating that 70% of the cases with clearly stated gender were female (100 cases total).<ref name="Sughrue"/> While several publications support a genetic predisposition to females, the underlying reasons are still unknown.<ref name="Bell"/><ref name="Navarro"/>
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| === Environmental incidence ===
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| At this point, no literature has indicated whether environmental factors increase the likelihood of astroblastoma. Although [[cancer]] in general is caused by a variety of external factors, including carcinogens, dangerous chemicals, and viral infections, astroblastoma research has not even attempted to classify incidence in this regard. The next few decades will aid in this understanding.
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| == See also ==
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| *[[Neoplasm]]
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| *[[Neuroepithelial cell]]
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| * [[Astrocytes]]
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| *[[Glial cells]]
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| *[[Brain cancer]]
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| {{DMOZ|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Cancer/Brain_and_CNS/Neuroblastoma/}}
| | ==Treatment== |
| | The primary treatment for astroblastoma is [[surgical resection]]. The goal of surgery is to remove as much of the tumor as possible while preserving neurological function. In some cases, [[radiation therapy]] and/or [[chemotherapy]] may be used as adjunctive treatments, particularly if the tumor is not completely resectable or if there is evidence of recurrence. |
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| == References == | | ==Prognosis== |
| {{reflist|2|
| | The prognosis for patients with astroblastoma varies depending on several factors, including the extent of surgical resection, the tumor's histological grade, and the patient's age. Generally, complete surgical resection is associated with a better prognosis. However, due to the rarity of the tumor, there is limited data on long-term outcomes. |
| refs=
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| <ref name="Denaro">Denaro, Luca, Marina Gardiman, and Milena Caliderone. "Intraventricular Astroblastoma. Case Report." ''Journal of Neurosurgery Pediatrics'' 1 (2008): 152–55.</ref>
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| <ref name="Sughrue">Sughrue, Michael E., Jay Choi, Martin Rutkowski, and Derick Aranda. "Clinical Features and Post-surgical Outcome of Patients with Astroblastoma." ''Journal of Clinical Neuroscience'' 18.6 (2011): 750–54.</ref>
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| <ref name="Bell">Bell, John W., Anne G. Osborn, Karen L. Salzman, Susan I. Blaser, Blaise V. Jones, and Steven S. Chin. "Neuroradiologic Characteristics of Astroblastoma." ''Diagnostic Neuroradiology'' 49 (2007): 203–09.</ref>
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| <ref name="Unal">Unal, Ekrem, and Yavuz Koksal. "Astroblastoma in a Child." ''Children Nervous System'' 24.2 (2008): 165–68.</ref>
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| <ref name="Navarro">Navarro, Ramon, Aaron Reitman, Guillermo De Leon, and Stewart Goldman. "Astroblastoma in Childhood: Pathological and Clinical Analysis." ''Children Nervous System'' (2005): 211–20.</ref>
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| <ref name="Kaji">Masamoto, Kaji, and Takeshima Hideo. "Low-Grade Astroblastoma Recurring With Extensive Invasion-Case Report." (2006).</ref>
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| <ref name="Weintraub">Weintraub, David, Stephen Monteith, and Chun Po Yen. "Recurrent Astroblastoma Treated with Gamma Knife Radiosurgery." ''Journal of Neuro-Oncology'' 103.3 (2011): 751–54.</ref>
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| <ref name="Bonnin">Bonnin JM, Rubinstein LJ. "Astroblastoma: a pathological study of 23 tumors, with a postoperative follow-up in 13 patients." ''Neurosurgery'' 25.1 (1989): 6–13.</ref>
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| <ref name="Kubota">Kubota, Toshihiko, Kazufumi Sato, Hidetaka Arishima, Hiroaki Takeuchi, Ryuhei Kitai, and Takao Nakagawa. "Astroblastoma: Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Study of Distinctive Epithelial and Probable Tanycytic Differentiation." ''Neuropathology'' 26.1 (2006): 72–81.</ref>
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| <ref name="Kemerdere">Kemerdere, Rahsan, Reza Dashti, and Mustafa Ulu. "Supratentorial High Grade Astroblastoma: Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature." ''Turkish Neurosurgery'' 19.2 (2009): 149–52.</ref>
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| <ref name="Brat">Brat, Daniel J., Yuichi Hirose, Kenneth J. Cohen, Burt G. Feuerstein, and Peter C. Burger. "Astroblastoma: Clinicopathologic Features and Chromosomal Abnormalities Defined by Comparative Genomic Hybridization." ''Brain Pathology'' 10.3 (2000): 342–52.</ref>
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| <ref name="Ganapathy">Ganapathy, Srinivas, Laurence I. Kleiner, David L. Mirkin, and Emmett Broxson. "Unusual Manifestations of Astroblastoma: a Radiologic–pathologic Analysis." ''Pediatric Radiology'' 39.2 (2009): 168–71.</ref>
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| <ref name="Huhn">Huhn, Stephen L., Yun Yung, Samuel Cheshier, Griffith Harsh, Laurie Ailles, Irving Weissman, Hannes Vogel, and Victor Tse. "Identification of Phenotypic Neural Stem Cells in a Pediatric Astroblastoma." ''Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics'' 103.5 (2005): 446–50.</ref>
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| <ref name="Hirano">Hirano, Hirofumi, Shunji Yunoue, Masatomo Kaji, Masahiro Tsuchiya, and Kazunori Arita. "Consecutive Histological Changes in an Astroblastoma That Disseminated to the Spinal Cord after Repeated Intracranial Recurrences: a Case Report." ''Brain Tumor Pathology'' 25.1 (2008): 25–31.</ref>
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| <ref name="Lau">Lau, Patrick, Teresa Thomas, Philip Lui, and Aye Khin. "‘Low‐grade’ Astroblastoma with Rapid Recurrence: a Case Report." ''Pathology'' 38.1 (2006): 78–80.</ref>
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| <ref name="Mierau">W. Mierau, R. Weslie Tyson, Loris M, Gary. "Astroblastoma: Ultrastructural Observations on a Case of High-Grade Type." ''Ultrastructural Pathology'' 23.5 (1999): 325–32.</ref>
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| == External links == | | ==Related pages== |
| {{Medical resources
| | * [[Glioma]] |
| | DiseasesDB = None
| | * [[Astrocytoma]] |
| | ICD10 = {{ICD10|C|71|9|d|10}}
| | * [[Brain tumor]] |
| | ICD9 = {{ICD9|191.9}}
| | * [[Neuroepithelial tumor]] |
| | ICDO = 9430/3
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| | OMIM =
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| | MedlinePlus =
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| | eMedicineSubj =
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| | eMedicineTopic =
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| | MeshID = D018302
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| }}
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| {{Nervous tissue tumors}}
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| [[Category:Nervous system neoplasia]] | | [[Category:Brain tumors]] |
| {{dictionary-stub1}}
| | [[Category:Neuroepithelial tumors]] |
