Hyponatremia: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox medical condition | |||
| name = Hyponatremia | |||
| image = [[File:Na-TableImage.svg|150px]] | |||
| caption = Sodium, the electrolyte that is deficient in hyponatremia | |||
| field = [[Nephrology]] | |||
| symptoms = [[Nausea]], [[headache]], [[confusion]], [[seizures]], [[coma]] | |||
| complications = [[Cerebral edema]], [[brain herniation]] | |||
| onset = Sudden or gradual | |||
| duration = Varies | |||
| causes = [[Excessive water intake]], [[heart failure]], [[liver cirrhosis]], [[kidney disease]], [[syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion]] (SIADH) | |||
| risks = [[Elderly]], [[hospitalized patients]], [[endurance athletes]] | |||
| diagnosis = [[Blood test]] showing low [[serum sodium]] | |||
| differential = [[Hypernatremia]], [[pseudohyponatremia]], [[hypovolemia]] | |||
| prevention = [[Fluid restriction]], [[medication review]] | |||
| treatment = [[Fluid restriction]], [[intravenous saline]], [[medications]] such as [[vasopressin receptor antagonists]] | |||
| prognosis = Depends on cause and severity | |||
| frequency = Common | |||
}} | |||
'''Hyponatremia''' refers to a medical condition characterized by a low concentration of sodium ([[Na^+]]) in the blood plasma. Sodium is an essential electrolyte that plays a crucial role in various physiological functions, including maintenance of fluid balance, regulation of blood pressure, and proper functioning of the nervous and muscular systems. | '''Hyponatremia''' refers to a medical condition characterized by a low concentration of sodium ([[Na^+]]) in the blood plasma. Sodium is an essential electrolyte that plays a crucial role in various physiological functions, including maintenance of fluid balance, regulation of blood pressure, and proper functioning of the nervous and muscular systems. | ||
== Overview of Sodium and its Role == | == Overview of Sodium and its Role == | ||
Sodium is the primary positive ion (cation) in the extracellular fluid of the body, and it is vital for maintaining the [[osmotic balance]] and [[Acid-base homeostasis|acid-base balance]] within the body. Sodium is involved in nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and cardiac function. | Sodium is the primary positive ion (cation) in the extracellular fluid of the body, and it is vital for maintaining the [[osmotic balance]] and [[Acid-base homeostasis|acid-base balance]] within the body. Sodium is involved in nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and cardiac function. | ||
== Causes of Hyponatremia == | == Causes of Hyponatremia == | ||
Hyponatremia can arise from several conditions, which may result in an imbalance between water and sodium in the body. These can include excessive water intake, renal failure, heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and certain medications such as diuretics. Syndromes of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion ([[SIADH]]) can also lead to this condition. | Hyponatremia can arise from several conditions, which may result in an imbalance between water and sodium in the body. These can include excessive water intake, renal failure, heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and certain medications such as diuretics. Syndromes of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion ([[SIADH]]) can also lead to this condition. | ||
== Symptoms and Diagnosis == | == Symptoms and Diagnosis == | ||
The symptoms of hyponatremia can vary depending on the severity and acuteness of the condition. Mild chronic hyponatremia might not show any symptoms, while acute or severe hyponatremia can cause headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, seizures, coma, and even death in extreme cases. | The symptoms of hyponatremia can vary depending on the severity and acuteness of the condition. Mild chronic hyponatremia might not show any symptoms, while acute or severe hyponatremia can cause headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, seizures, coma, and even death in extreme cases. | ||
The diagnosis of hyponatremia involves laboratory tests that measure the concentration of sodium in the blood. This is usually a part of a comprehensive metabolic panel or basic metabolic panel. | The diagnosis of hyponatremia involves laboratory tests that measure the concentration of sodium in the blood. This is usually a part of a comprehensive metabolic panel or basic metabolic panel. | ||
== Treatment and Management == | == Treatment and Management == | ||
The treatment of hyponatremia typically involves addressing the underlying cause. Depending on the cause and severity, treatment options may include modifications in diet, discontinuation or adjustment of certain medications, intravenous saline, medication to manage symptoms, or hormone therapy. | The treatment of hyponatremia typically involves addressing the underlying cause. Depending on the cause and severity, treatment options may include modifications in diet, discontinuation or adjustment of certain medications, intravenous saline, medication to manage symptoms, or hormone therapy. | ||
== Prognosis == | == Prognosis == | ||
With appropriate and timely treatment, most patients with hyponatremia can expect a good prognosis. However, chronic and severe cases of hyponatremia may lead to irreversible neurological damage, hence early detection and treatment are crucial. | With appropriate and timely treatment, most patients with hyponatremia can expect a good prognosis. However, chronic and severe cases of hyponatremia may lead to irreversible neurological damage, hence early detection and treatment are crucial. | ||
== See Also == | == See Also == | ||
* [[Electrolyte imbalance]] | * [[Electrolyte imbalance]] | ||
| Line 33: | Line 40: | ||
[[Category:Sodium]] | [[Category:Sodium]] | ||
[[Category:Water-electrolyte imbalance]]{{stub}} | [[Category:Water-electrolyte imbalance]]{{stub}} | ||
Latest revision as of 21:11, 6 April 2025
Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
Founder, WikiMD Wellnesspedia &
W8MD medical weight loss NYC and sleep center NYC
| Hyponatremia | |
|---|---|
| |
| Synonyms | N/A |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | N/A |
| Symptoms | Nausea, headache, confusion, seizures, coma |
| Complications | Cerebral edema, brain herniation |
| Onset | Sudden or gradual |
| Duration | Varies |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Excessive water intake, heart failure, liver cirrhosis, kidney disease, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) |
| Risks | Elderly, hospitalized patients, endurance athletes |
| Diagnosis | Blood test showing low serum sodium |
| Differential diagnosis | Hypernatremia, pseudohyponatremia, hypovolemia |
| Prevention | Fluid restriction, medication review |
| Treatment | Fluid restriction, intravenous saline, medications such as vasopressin receptor antagonists |
| Medication | N/A |
| Prognosis | Depends on cause and severity |
| Frequency | Common |
| Deaths | N/A |
Hyponatremia refers to a medical condition characterized by a low concentration of sodium (Na^+) in the blood plasma. Sodium is an essential electrolyte that plays a crucial role in various physiological functions, including maintenance of fluid balance, regulation of blood pressure, and proper functioning of the nervous and muscular systems.
Overview of Sodium and its Role[edit]
Sodium is the primary positive ion (cation) in the extracellular fluid of the body, and it is vital for maintaining the osmotic balance and acid-base balance within the body. Sodium is involved in nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and cardiac function.
Causes of Hyponatremia[edit]
Hyponatremia can arise from several conditions, which may result in an imbalance between water and sodium in the body. These can include excessive water intake, renal failure, heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and certain medications such as diuretics. Syndromes of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) can also lead to this condition.
Symptoms and Diagnosis[edit]
The symptoms of hyponatremia can vary depending on the severity and acuteness of the condition. Mild chronic hyponatremia might not show any symptoms, while acute or severe hyponatremia can cause headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, seizures, coma, and even death in extreme cases. The diagnosis of hyponatremia involves laboratory tests that measure the concentration of sodium in the blood. This is usually a part of a comprehensive metabolic panel or basic metabolic panel.
Treatment and Management[edit]
The treatment of hyponatremia typically involves addressing the underlying cause. Depending on the cause and severity, treatment options may include modifications in diet, discontinuation or adjustment of certain medications, intravenous saline, medication to manage symptoms, or hormone therapy.
Prognosis[edit]
With appropriate and timely treatment, most patients with hyponatremia can expect a good prognosis. However, chronic and severe cases of hyponatremia may lead to irreversible neurological damage, hence early detection and treatment are crucial.
