Yakuza

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Yamabishi

Yakuza (ヤクザ, やくざ), also known as Gokudō (極道), are members of transnational organized crime syndicates originating in Japan. The Yakuza are notorious for their strict codes of conduct, their organized fiefdom-nature, and several unconventional ritual practices such as Yubitsume (指詰め, "finger shortening"). They are involved in various criminal activities, including drug trafficking, extortion, gambling, and prostitution.

History

The origins of the Yakuza can be traced back to the Edo period (1603–1868) in Japan. During this time, two main groups emerged: the Tekiya (peddlers) and the Bakuto (gamblers). The Tekiya were involved in peddling goods at festivals and markets, while the Bakuto were gamblers who often engaged in illegal activities. Over time, these groups evolved into the modern Yakuza.

Structure and Organization

Yakuza organizations are typically hierarchical, with a clear chain of command. The leader of a Yakuza group is known as the Oyabun (親分, "parent role"), and the followers are called Kobun (子分, "child role"). The relationship between the Oyabun and Kobun is based on a strong sense of loyalty and obligation.

Yakuza groups are often structured into smaller sub-groups, each with its own leader. These sub-groups operate semi-independently but are ultimately accountable to the main organization. The largest and most well-known Yakuza groups include the Yamaguchi-gumi, the Sumiyoshi-kai, and the Inagawa-kai.

Rituals and Practices

One of the most well-known Yakuza rituals is Yubitsume, the act of self-amputation of one's finger as a form of penance or apology. Another significant ritual is the Sakazuki (盃), a ceremonial exchange of sake cups that symbolizes the formation of a bond between the Oyabun and Kobun.

Yakuza members are also known for their extensive Irezumi (入れ墨, "tattoos"), which cover large portions of their bodies. These tattoos often have deep symbolic meanings and are a mark of pride and identity within the organization.

Activities

The Yakuza are involved in a wide range of criminal activities. These include:

• Drug trafficking: The Yakuza are heavily involved in the production and distribution of illegal drugs.
• Extortion: They often engage in extortion, targeting businesses and individuals for protection money.
• Gambling: Illegal gambling operations are a significant source of income for the Yakuza.
• Prostitution: The Yakuza control various aspects of the sex industry, including human trafficking and brothels.
• Money laundering: They are involved in laundering money through legitimate businesses.

Law Enforcement and Public Perception

The Japanese government has implemented various laws and measures to combat Yakuza activities. The Anti-Boryokudan Act was enacted in 1992 to restrict the activities of Yakuza groups. Despite these efforts, the Yakuza continue to operate, albeit with reduced visibility.

Public perception of the Yakuza is complex. While they are seen as criminals, some view them as a necessary evil that maintains order in the underworld. The Yakuza have also been known to provide aid during natural disasters, further complicating their image.

Related Pages

• Organized crime
• Japanese culture
• Edo period
• Yubitsume
• Irezumi
• Yamaguchi-gumi
• Sumiyoshi-kai
• Inagawa-kai